tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37549644098386611632024-03-05T19:33:20.980+07:00apa yang kau pikirkan ?Welcome to my blog and Thank U for visiting
.......HAVE A NICE DAY........Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.comBlogger225125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-4544015544836299012017-10-24T12:18:00.003+07:002017-10-29T17:08:12.578+07:00 Enhanced Oil Recovery, Chemical Flooding Method, Polymer<br />
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INJEKSI POLIMER DENGAN PENGARUH JENIS POLIMER,KONSENTRASI DAN SALINITAS BRINE PADA RECOVERY FACTOR MINYAK </div>
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(Laboratorium Study)</div>
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<br /></div>
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Arif Eka Rahmanto1); Rachmat Sudibjo 2); Sugiatmo kasmungin 2),</div>
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1) Magister Teknik Perminyakan Universitas Trisakti, 2) Pengajar Magister Teknik Perminyakan,</div>
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ABSTRAK</div>
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Dengan permintaan energy semakin meningkat terutama energy fosill fuel ( oil & gas), maka sangat penting untuk meningkatkan recovery factor dan gas terutama pada fase tertiary ( EOR) . Injeksi polimer merupakan salah satu dari bagian chemical flooding injection( EOR) dapat meningkatkan nilai recovery factor , polimer yang digunakan adalah sintetsis ( add cross) dan biopolymer ( XC-P), Uji yang dilakukan adalah uji larutan ( rheology) dan juga uji fisik batuan dari hasil uji tersebut baru dapat dilakukan core flooding metode untuk mengetahui nilai Rf. Hasil yang didapat dari core flooding penambahan polimer yang paling baik adalah larutan G4 dengan core sintetis T2, dengan niali Rf dari hasil injeksi polimer 0.26 (26 %), mobility ratio 0.25853, XC-P ( G4) memiliiki kestabilan terhadap kenaikan salinitas terutama pada salinitas 15.000 ppm. Untuk core properties T2 memiliki porositas 44%, Ka brine 2.196624 mD, Ka. Polimer 0.926591 mD</div>
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Kata Kunci : EOR, Polimer Synthetic, Biopolimer, uji rheology, recovery factor</div>
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I. PENDAHULUAN</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Penggunaan polimer sintetis (add cross) dan biopolimer (XC-P) untuk peningkatan Rf minyak sangat tergantung dari rheology larutan yang mengacu pada kondisi resevoar , sedangkan untuk skala laboratorium tergantung dari pemilihan core sampel yang digunakan. Dengan adanya penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi tambahan pengetahuan dibidang chemical flooding khususnya dibidang polimer.</div>
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2. STUDI PUSTAKA</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pada penelitian Abrahamsen, 2012, mengambil data dari lapangan norne C – segment (statoil) memiliki nilai Rf 2.2 % dari hasil injeksi polimer dengan metode ASP ( alkali, surfactan, polimer) dengan alkali (0.1 wt%), surfactant (0.5 wt %), polimer (0.05 wt%). Untuk itu pada penelitian saat ini hanya digunakan 1 jenis metode saja yaitu polimer core flooding dengan 2 jenis polimer pada variasi konsentrasi dan salinitas brine, untuk suhu yang digunakan adalah 60°C, serta dilakukan dlam skala laboratorium. Secara garis besar terdapat 2 (dua) uji parameter yaitu 1. Uji rheology larutan dan 2. Uji sifat fisik batuan.</div>
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3. METODOLOGI</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Metodologi yang digunakan adalah core flooding, adapun tahapan umum yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah :</div>
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1. <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Uji fisik batuan :</div>
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a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Porositas <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Permeabilitas<br />
<br />
2. <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Uji efek karakteristik (rheology) larutan<br />
a. Shear rate: <br />
b. Permeability Reduction (Rk)<br />
c. Resistance Factor<br />
d. Salinity effect : <br />
e. Polimer Slug<br />
<br />
3. Persiapan :<br />
a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Pembuatan core sampel sintetis dan alami;<br />
b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Larutan polimer yang telah lulus uji;<br />
c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Persiapan peralatan core flooding;<br />
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4. Core flooding :<br />
a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Core saturasi, dengan menggunakan brine;<br />
b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Injeksi oil, oil saturation;<br />
c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Injeksi brine;<br />
d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Injeksi polimer;<br />
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5. Evaluasi core flooding:<br />
a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pengolahan data dan perhitungan<br />
b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>pembahasan<br />
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<br />
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4.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>DAFTAR PUSTAKA :<br />
<br />
1. Abrahamsen, Anders. 2012. Applying Chemical EOR on the Norne Field C-Segment. Thesis,Norwegian University of Science and Technology. June 2012, pp. 1-186.<br />
2. API RP 63. 1990. Recommended Practices for Evaluation of Polymers Used In Enhanced Oil Recovery Operation. June 1, 1990, pp. 1-86.<br />
3. Gonten, Von, McCain and Wu, Ching H. 1992. Petroleum Engineering 311Reservoir Petrophysics. Course Notes,TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY, pp. 1-224.<br />
4. Hakim, Adnan Nullah and Dharmawan, Irwan Ary. 2012. Model Aliran Polimer Pada Media Berpori . Lokakarya Komputasi dalam Sains dan Teknologi Nuklir. Oktober 10, pp. 1 -13.<br />
5. Taber, J.J., et al. 1997. EOR Screening Criteria Revisited-Part 2:Applications and Impact of Oil Prices. SPWDOE Improved Oil Recovely Symposium held in Tulsa, Oklahoma,. June 6, 1997, pp. 1-7.<br />
6. winarta, Jeffier, et al. May 2012. Salinity Balance With Non-Polar Brine. Jakarta : Proceedings, Indonesian Petroleoum Association, 36 th Annual convention & exhibition ( IPA 12-SE-058), May 2012.<br />
<br />
Link Paper :<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.academia.edu/34664900/Injeksi_Polimer_Dengan_Pengaruh_Jenis_Polimer_Konsentrasi_dan_Salinitas_Brine_Pada_Recovery_Factor_Minyak">https://www.academia.edu/34664900/Injeksi_Polimer_Dengan_Pengaruh_Jenis_Polimer_Konsentrasi_dan_Salinitas_Brine_Pada_Recovery_Factor_Minyak</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://trijurnal.lemlit.trisakti.ac.id/index.php/semnas/article/viewFile/2130/1818">http://trijurnal.lemlit.trisakti.ac.id/index.php/semnas/article/viewFile/2130/1818</a><br />
<br />
Link Research (Thesis) :<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_27075147"><br /></a>
<a href="https://www.academia.edu/34939110/KAJIAN_LABORATORIUM_PENGARUH_JENIS_DAN_KONSENTRASI_INJEKSI_POLIMER_DAN_SALINITAS_AIR_TERHADAP_FAKTOR_PEROLEHAN_MINYAK.pdf">https://www.academia.edu/34939110/KAJIAN_LABORATORIUM_PENGARUH_JENIS_DAN_KONSENTRASI_INJEKSI_POLIMER_DAN_SALINITAS_AIR_TERHADAP_FAKTOR_PEROLEHAN_MINYAK.pdf</a><br />
<br />
Semoga bermanfaat dan mohon masukannya sebagai bahan pembelajaran dan memperbaiki diri. Serta mohon maaf jika terdapat kekurangan dalam penelitian ini, kesempurnaan hanyalah milik Tuhan YME.<br />
<br />
Salam Sukses, Sehat dan Bahagia selalu<br />
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Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-47719603372301374442016-01-19T20:46:00.000+07:002017-10-24T13:28:02.049+07:00Pertamina Regulator atau Perusahaan????<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ANALISA
PEMBUKTIAN PERTAMINA MENJADI SEBUAH PERUSAHAAN REGULATOR ATAU PERUSAHAAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merujuk<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Undang-Undang
No. 44 Prp. Tahun 1960<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Undang
Undang No. 8 Tahun 1971<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh:
Arif Eka Rahmanto <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 36.0pt 101.75pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 36.0pt 101.75pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Negara
Indonesia memasuki era minyak dan gas bumi sudah sejak jaman kolonial
Belanda.Seiring perkembangan zaman yang kian menuntuk untuk perubahan serta
adaptasi yang merujuk pada UUD 1945.Maka dirasa perlu melakukan beberapa
perubahan strategis sebagai manifestasi dari UUD 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
pemerintahan presiden Soekarno pemerintah Indonesia mulai menata landasan hukum
Negara, maka di keluarkan UU No. 44.Prp Tahun 1960. Landasan atau pertimbangan hukum undang
undang tersebut adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal 33 ayat 2 dan 3 Undang-Undang
Dasar; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal 9 Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti
Undang-Undang tentang pertambangan No.
37 tahun 1960 (Lembaran Negara tahun 1960 No. 119);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indische Mijnwet stbl. 1899 No. 214 jo
Stbl. 1906 No. 434<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara
general Undang Undang tersebut berisi mengenai pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan
pengelolaan migas oleh pemerintah dalam hal ini adalah dilakukan oleh
Perusahaan Negara. Dengan di terbitkanya peraturan pemerintah republik
indonesia nomor 27 tahun 1968 tentang pendirian perusahaan negara pertambangan
minyak dan gas bumi nasional (p.n.
pertamina).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Akan tetapi Setelah memasuki pemerintahan
Presiden Soeharto peraturan pemerintah nomor 27 tahun 1968 di cabut, dan
diganti dengan penerbitan Undang Undang No. 8 Tahun 1971 mengenai Perusahaan
Pertambangan Minyak dan Gas Bumi Negara atau juga lebih dikenal sebagai
"Undang-undang PERTAMINA”. Pertimbangan hukum Undang Undang tersebut
adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal
5 ayat (1), pasal 20 ayat (1) dan pasal 33 ayat (2) dan ayat (3) Undang-Undang
Dasar 1945; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat
Sementara Nomor XXIII/ MPRS/1966; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Undang-undangNomor 44 Prp. Tahun 1960
(Lembaran Negara Tahun 1960 Nomor 133, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor
2070); <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Undang-undang
Nomor 11 Tahun 1967 (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1967 Nomor 22, Tambahan Lembaran
Negara Nomor 2831); <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pasal 1 Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor
9 Tahun 1969 (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1969 Nomor 40, Tambahan
Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 2904).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sampai
saat ini undang undang tersebut masih digunakan sebagai rujukan serta
pertimbangan hukum dari beberapa undang undang ataupun peraturan peraturan
pemerintah mengenai tata kelola MIGAS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertamina
merupakan satu satu perusahaan Pemeritah yang di kuasai pemerintah terkait
pengalolaan MIGAS dari sector Hulu sampai dengan HIlir. Menjadi tulang punggung
yang sangat strategis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkaitan
dengan hal tersebut pandangan dan tafsiran yang berkembang saat ini menjadi
sangat melebar terutama hal yang berhubungan dengan posisi Pertamina di
Pemerintah atau Negara yakni sebagai Regulator ataukah sebagai perusahaan dan
bahakan dapat di katakana kedua duanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
tulisan ini kami mencoba menganalisa opini yang berkembangan tersebut dengan
dasar pandangan dan pemikiran hukum dari Undang Undang No 44 Tahun 1960 dan
Undang Undang No.8 Tahun 1971 .Opini atau penulis lebih menyukai menggunakan
kata tafsir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DASAR
PEMIKIRAN, RUANG LINGKUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1
Dasar Pemikiran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar penulisan
makalah atau paper ini adalah untuk mengetahui posisi Pertamina (persero) di
tata kelola migas Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2 Ruang Lingkup<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis
hanya menganalisa menggunakan perundang undangan yang terkait dalam
permasalahan Posisi Pertamina didalam Negara sebagai Perusahaan Negara dan atau
Regulator. Serta article, buku,dan tulisan ilmiah terkait hal tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
hal ini penulis menggunakan metode Heuristik. Pengertian method Heuritik
menurut ( Satria Permana,2012) adalah “pengumpulan sumber sumber dari buku,
artikel, majalah, surat kabar dan document yang telah terbit pada zamannya.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">II.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN
PERUNDANG UNDANGAN PEMERINTAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1.</span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Undang Undang No.44 Tahun 1960<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai tindak lanjut dari hasil kajian
Panitia Negara Urusan Pertambangan, maka sistem konsesi dalam pengusahaan
pertambangan tidak lagi digunakan karena dinilai memberikan hak yang terlalu
luas dan terlalu kuat bagi Pemegang Konsesi, sehingga diganti dengan Kuasa
Pertambangan<span style="background: #FEFDFA;">.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Selanjutnya
pengelolaan Migas Indonesia berada dibawah Kementrian Keuangan</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.(Puspita, Bella,2012)</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun
beberpa penjelasan secara umum beberpa isi dari pasal pasal dalam UU No.44
Tahun 1960 tentang pertambangan minyak dan gas bumi( UU No.44 Tahun 1960,
Internet) , yaitu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan bumi dan air wilayah Indonesia
dengan bangsa Indonesia adalah abadi. Bangsa Indonesia tidak dapat dipisahkan
daripada wilayah. Bumi dan air Indonesia adalah satu dengan bangsa Indonesia.
Kekayaan alam yang terkandung di dalam
bumi dan air wilayah Indonesia adalah hak bangsa Indonesia dan merupakan
kekayaan nasional. Dengan ayat 3 pasal 33 undang-undang dasar Republik
Indonesia, maka bangsa Indonesia memberi
kekuasaan kepada Negara Republik Indonesia
untuk mengatur, memelihara dan menggunakan kekayaan nasional tersebut
sebaik-baiknya agar tercapai masyarakat Indonesia yang adil dan makmur. Adapun
wewenang negara untuk menguasai itu
meliputi penguasaan, walaupun demikian tidak melayani, apabila negara
menyerahkan pelaksanaan kekuasaan itu kepada yang dapat menjalankannya, asalkan
negara dapat menjamin hubungan bangsa Indonesia dengan wilayah yang abadi
itu serta kedudukan Negara Republik
Indonesia yang diberikan hak menguasai kekayaan nasional tersebut;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Penyerahan pelaksanaan kekuasaan negara atas
kekayaan nasional berupa bahan-bahan galian bumi Indonesia tidaklah dapat
dilakukan begitu saja, oleh karena bahan-bahan galian tersebut
masingmasingmempunyai sifat-sifat khusus dan pula mempunyai nilai yang berlainan bagi bangsa Indonesia
dan negara. Maka itu, mengingat akan hal-hal itu, bahan-bahan galian dibagi
dalam tiga golongan yang menentukan kepada siapa pelaksanaan itu dapat
diberikan. Dan oleh karena pelaksanaan itu berarti penguasaan pertambangan
bahan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">galian maka dalam
dalam peraturan pemerintah pengganti undangundang tentang Pertambangan
Minyak dan Gas Bumi ini pelaksanaan kekuasaan negara itu disebut pengusahaan,
dan yang menjalankan pengusahaan itu pelaksanan pengusahaan.;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan galian minyak dan gas bumi bukan
saja mempunyai sifat-sifat khusus, akan tetapi hasil-hasil pemurnian dan pengolahannya adalah penting bagi hajat
hidup orang banyak dan pertahanan nasional. Itu sebabnya ditentukan, bahwa
pengusahaan minyak dan gas bumi hanya dapat diselenggarakan oleh negara dan
pelaksanaan pengusahaan itu hanya dilakukan oleh Perusahaan Negara, agar
kemanfaatan bahan galian minyak dan gas bumi
dapat terjamin dalam rangka penyusunan masyarakat Indonesia yang adil
dan makmur dan dalam pembangunan Negara
Republik Indonesia yang jaya, lagi kuat;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berhubung Negara Republik Indonesia
mempunyai hak menguasai, maka tidaklah dapat diberikan kepada Perusahaan Negara
hak-hak lain yang lebih daripada menguasai itu. Itu sebabnya, didalam peraturan pemerintah pengganti
undang-undang tentang Pertambangan Minyak dan Gas Bumi ini, yamg dapat
diberikan kepada Perusahaan Negara adalah kuasa usaha pertambangan atau secara
ringkas disebtu kuasa pertambangan. Dengan demikian, maka dapatlah dinyatakan,
bahwa sungguh-sungguh hak konsesi dan hakhak lain atas wilayah pertambangan
minyak dan gas bumi berdasarkan “ Indische mijnwet” . Stbl. 1899 No. 214 jo
1906 No. 434, sebagaimana diubah dan ditambah tidak berlaku lag, oleh karena
hakhak itu seperti yang yang tersebut dalam Manifesto Politik tidak sesuai
lagi dengan alam pikiran bangsa
Indonesia;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Perusahaan asing selama ini memperoleh hak-hak
konsesi atas wilayah-wilayah pertambangan berdasarkan “ Indische mijnwet”
tersebtu dan dengan demikian mempunyai
kekuasaan atas bahanbahan galian minyak dan gas bumi yang ditambangnya, yang
bertentangan dengan Undang-undang Dasar. Dengan berlakunya peraturan pemerintah
pengganti undang-undang tentang Pertambangan Minyak dan Gas Bumi ini, maka
kedudukan perusahaan asing yang bekerja di Indonesia di dalam lapangan
pertambangan minyak dan gas bumi akan
berlainan sama sekali. Perusahaan asing tidak mungkin lagi memperoleh hak-hak
pertambangan atas wilayah Indonesia yang tertentu. Hanya perusahaan negaralah
yang dapat menguasai suatu wilayah pertambangan minyak dan gas bumi, hak inipun
jauh berlainan dengan hak konsesi yang lama. Akan tetapi oleh karena
perindustrian minya dan gas bumi meminta permodalan yang amat besar dan
keahlian yang mendalam dan meluas tentang cabangcabang produksi minyak dan gas
bumi, <b>maka dalam peraturan ini masih
diberi kemungkinan bagi perusahaan asing untuk bekerja di Indonesia ini sebagai kontraktor suatu
perusahaan negara </b>dengan syarat-syarat yang memuaskan baginya. Dan oleh
karena perjanjian karya antara
perusahaan asing ini dengan perusahaan negara penting sekali bagi pembangunan
perahlian yang cukup, akan tetapi juga <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk
memperoleh dan menarik modal yang cukup dalam taraf perindustrian minyak dan
gas bumi pada dewasa ini, maka perjanjian karya tersebut harus disahkan dengan
undang-undang sebelumnya dapat berlaku;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">f.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Peraturan pemerintah pengganti undang-undang
ini tidak memuat ketentuan-ketentuan tentang isi perjanjian antara perusahaan
negara dengan perusahaan asing sebagai
kontraktor itu, oleh karena syaratsyarat yang yang diperlukan dalam hubungan
ini pokoknya akan tergantung pada berbagai macam fakta yang ada pada ketika
perjanjian itu masing-masing dibuat, misalnya potensi wilayah pertambangan yang
hendak dikerjakan, kemanapun perusahaan asing yang bersangkutan untuk menyediakan keahlian dan modal yang diperlukan serta penjualan minyak dan gas bumi yang akan
dihasilkan. Berhubung dengan itu, oleh peraturan ini diserahkan seluruhnya
kepada pemerintah bagaimana menurut kebijaksanaan isi tiap-tiap perjanjian
karya setelah pertimbangan
penawaranpenawaran berbagai perusahaan-perusahaan asing terhadap suatu
wilayah pertambangan yang tertentu beserta semau fakta-fakta yang ada;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">g.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kuasa pertambangan yang dapat diberikan tidak
meliputi hak-hak tanah permukaan bumi yang bersangkutan hukum agraria nasional.
Akan tetapi tidak akan jarang terjadi bahwa kuasa pertambangan yang tertentu,s
sehingga perlu diatur hubungan antar kedua itu. Penyelesaian yang diberikan
oleh peraturan minyak dan gas bumi ini
adalah bahwa hak tanah tidak terhapus
oleh adanya kuasa pertambangan atas sebidang tanah yang bersangkutan, akan tetapi mengingat
pentingnya pertambangan yang hendak dilakukan, peraturan ini menghendaki agar
pemegang hak tanah jangan memakai hak tanahnya selama kuasa pertambangan
dijalankan pada tanah yang bersangkutan.
Kerugian yang diderita oleh pemegang hak tanah karenanya, harus diganti oleh
pemegang kuasa pertambangan yang berkepentingan berupa ganti rugi kerugian dan
atau sumbangan yang dapat ditentukan oleh menteri secara yang seadil adilnya
berdasarkan keadaan tiap soal khusus dan apabila yang menderita kerugian tidak puas akan
penentuan menteri maka pengadilan negerilah yang memberi putusan yang
menentukan. Dengan demikian maka hak mempergunakan tanah itu akan hidup kembali
sepenuhnya, jika pertambangan tidak dilakukan
lagi pada tanah yang
bersangkutan. Dalam pada itu hendaknya diperhatikan bahwa hak-hak yang
diperoleh atas sebidang tanah yang ditambang berdasarkan suatu kuasa
pertambangan hanyalah dapat terjadi, apabila dipertimbangkan lebih dulu oleh
pemerintah;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">h.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peraturan pemerintah pengganti
undang-undang ini mengandung jiwa yang sama sekali berlainan dengan asas-asas
yang menjadi pokokpokok pikiran daripada
“ Indische Mijnwet” beserta peraturanperaturan lain yang berlaku selama ini.
Peraturan pemerintah pengganti undang-undang ini meninggalkan pandangan yang
mengutamakan orang – orang dengan
hak-haknya dalam usaha mencapai kemakmuran yang adil bagi bangsa
Indonesia. Peraturan ini tidak membenarkan bahwa kebagiaan orang seorang dapat
tercapai oleh orang seorang sendiri denga hak-haknya secara yang adil, dan
tidak dapat menerima, bahwa kekayaan seorang warga negara yang dapat
dikumpulkannya bersandarkan kebebasan yang penuh benarbenar juga berarti
kekayaan nasional. Bagi peraturan ini cara untuk memperoleh masyarakat
Indonesia yang makmur dan adil bukan
dengan jalan yang melalui dan mengutamakan orang seorang akan tetapi dengan
usaha yang terutama diwajibkan pada negara republik Indonesia
seperti yang dikemukakan oleh ayat 3 dan ayat 2 pasal 33 UUD 1945 dengan
pengertian “ dikuasai oleh negara” itu. Itu sebabnya peraturan “
Mijnordonanntie” dan yang timbul dari
alam pikiran yang liberalistis, kapitalis
dan individualistis itu secapat-cepatnya harus dihilangkan, agar dalam pembaharua
hidup bangsa Indonesia jangan terdapat dua alam pikiran yang saling
bertentangan. Akan tetapi untuk menjamin jangan sampai perindustrian minyak dan
gas bumi Indonesia mengalami stagnasi yang tidak diinginkan maka peraturan ini
diberikan waktu peralihan yang ditentukan dengan Peraturan Pemerintah;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">i.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Perusahaan negara yang telah melaksanakan
kuasa pertambangan tidak dapat dikatakan melakukan pekerjaan-pekerjaan pertambangan
sebagai pemilik wilayah pertambangan yang bersangkutan, sehingga
terhadap semua hasil pekerjaan pertambangannya harus ada ketentuan –ketentuan
lebih dulu atau sesudahnya dari pemerintah
tentang bagaimana bentuk dan besarnya penggantian jasa yang telah disumbangkannya kepada negara RI dan bangsa
Indonesia. Penggantian jasa terhadap pekerjaan eksplorasi dan atau pemurnian
dan pengolahan ataupun dengan penjualan
inilah yang baru menjadi milik perusahaan negara. Pengertian ini dikehendaki
oleh Peraturan pemerintah pengganti undang-undang ini berhubung itu adalah sebagai akibat yang seharusnya daripada ketentuan bahwa bahan – bahan galian bumi Indonesia adalah hak bangsa dan merupakan kekayaan
nasional;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">j.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Agar perindustrian minyak dan gas bumi Indonesia sungguh-sungguh
berarti bagi hajat hidup orang banyak seperti yang dikemukakan oleh ayat 2
pasal 22 UUD, maka peraturan pemerintah pengganti undangundang ini mengisyafi,
bahwa satu-satunya jalan untuk itu adalah memperbesar produksi perindustrian
minyak dan gas bumi Indonesia secepat-cepatnya agar supaya : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
diatasi pertambahan kebutuhan
minyak bumi untuk konsumsi dalam negeri sebagai akibat pertambahan
penduduk dan pelaksanaan industrialisasi
dalam pembangunan semesta Indonesia
(perubahan struktur ekonomi Indonesia);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebutuhan Indonesia akan devisen untuk
Pembangunan Semesta dapat dipenuhi;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat diadakan perimbangan yang
menguntungkan antara konsumsi dalam negeri Indonesia dari ekspor Indonesia;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedudukan Indonesia dalam pasar
dunia dapat dipertahankan; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendapatan negara yang berasal dari
perusahaan perusahaan minyak dapat diperbesar;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">f.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persoalan pengangguran dapat dipecahkan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">g.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendapatan nasional dan income per
capita Indonesia yakni standar of living di Indonesia dapat dinaikkan. Akan
tetapi cara melakukan pengusahaan minyak
dan gas bumi Indonesia haruslah
disandarkan pada ayat 3 pasal 33 UUD dan pada manifesto politik. Cara inilah
yang diatur dalam peraturan pemerintah
pengganti undangundang ini dengan tidak
melupakan bahwa produksi minyak dan gas bumi Indonesi harus diperbesar
selekas-lekasnya. Dengan demikian maka perusahaan negara nanti akan memperoleh masing-masing kuasa pertambangan
minyak dan gas bumi pada beberapa wilayah
pertambangan yang tertentu menurut
kuasa pertambangan itu masing-masing serta perusahaan minyak asing hanya
dapat mempunyai status kontraktor saja berdasarkan suatu atau beberapa
perjanjian karya dengan perusahaan negara yang bersangkutan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa
penjelasan pasal pasal terkait Perusahaan Negara :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuasa pertambangan
serta penunjukan batas batas wilayah kuasa pertambangan berada dalam pengawasan
pemerintah yang dilakukan oleh menteri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam melakukan
pengelolaan Migas kontraktor selain perusahaan Negara dapat mengelola migas
jika memenuhi persyaratan serta persetujuan dari Pemerintah dalam hal ini adalah
menteri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketentuan
ketentuan di dalam pasal ini adalah pembatasan-pembatasan terhadap pemberian
wilayah kuasa pertambangan berhubung
dengan hakhak agraria nasional dan untuk menjamin kepentingan – kepentingan umum yang erat bersangkut paut dengan
lapangan-lapangan tanah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 11 dan 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
pasal-pasal ini ditegaskan kewajiban mereka yang berhak atas tanah untuk
memperkenankan pekerjaan pemegang kuasa pertambangan atas tanah yang
bersangkutan, dan sekaligus ditegaskan pula kewajiban pemegang kuasa
pertambangan untuk menggantikan kerugian dan tau sumbangan kepada mereka yang
berhak atas tanah sebagai
perimbangan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ini
perlu dicantumkan dalam peraturan pemerintah pengganti undangundangini, oleh karena
erat hubungannya dengan wewenang dan kewajiban
pemerintah untuk melakukan pengawasan
dalam kehidupan perusahaan – perusahaan minyak dan gas bumi berdasarkan peraturan-peraturan dan undang-undang yang
kini berlaku dan yang akan terus berlaku sampai pada waktu yang ditentukan
dengan peraturan pemerintah (lihat ketentuanketentuan peralihan dari
peraturan pemerintah pengganti undang-undang
ini). Pembentuk rancangan peraturan pemerintah pengganti
undang-undang ini mengisyafi bahwa
disamping peraturan pemerintah pengganti
undangundang ini terdapat pual UU No. 3
tahun 1958 tentang penempatan tenaga asing dan lain. Undang-undang yang juga
memuat ketentuan-ketentuan tentang tenaga asing hingga oleh karena itu dalam
pasal 17 ayat 1 dari peraturan pemerintah
pengganti undang-undang ini dimuat
ketentuan “ dengan tidak mengurangi tugas dari lain jawatan/instansi ” ,
sehingga dapatlah setiap instansi yang mempunyai hubungan erat dengan persoalan tenaga-tenaga asing megadakan kerjasama satu sama lain. Apa yang
ditentukan dalam pasal 17 dari peraturan
pemerintah pengganti undangundang ini
tidak bertentangan dengan UU No. 3 tahun
1958 tentang penempatan tenaga asing, oleh karena peraturan pemerintah pengganti
undang-undang ini hanyalah merupakan
pengkhususan belaka berhubung
dengan bahan galian minyak dan gas bumi mempunyai masalah
dan ciri-ciri tersendiri. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perusahaan-perusahaan
minyak dan gas bumi yang bukan Perusahaan Negara dan yang telah ada di Indonesia ini sebelum
peraturan ini berlaku dapat diutamakan daripada perusahaan-perusahaan asing
lainnya untuk mengadakan <b>“ perjanjian
karya”</b> dengan perusahaan negara. Dan dalam pasal ini ditentukan, bahwa
hubungan perusahaan negara yang telah ada sebelum peraturan ini berlaku, denah
wilayah-wilayah pertambangannya harus
segera disesuaikan dengan
ketentuan-ketentuan peraturan ini. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.1<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pandangan
Umum Undang Undang No.44 Tahun 1960<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pandangan Sebagai Perusahaan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">secaraUmum
perundang undangan ini berisi mengenai tata kelola migas dikelola oleh Negara
yang nantinya Perusahaan Negara merupakan perpanjangan tangan dari pemerintah.
Hanya saja perundang undangan belum dapat menjelaskan secara detail pengertian
dari perusahaan Negara secara badan atau perusahaan yang berpayung hukum kuat. Dengan
kata lain yang dimaksud Perusahaan Negara dapat merujuk beberpa perusahaan
bahkan perusahaan asing juga dapat menjadi perusahaan Negara.Didalam perundang
undangan ini juga menyebutkan “perjanjian karya “ perusahaan asing ataupun
kontratktor akan di kelola oleh perusahaan Negara terkait pada pasal 5, pasal 6,
pasal 22.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pandangan sebagai perpanjangan tangan Regulator
pemerintah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
Penjelasan Pasal – pasal pada UU. No. 44 Tahun 1960, semua pengelolaan migas
dibawah atau tetap di kuasai oleh Negara. Bentuk penguasaan serta
pengawasan tersebut terdapat pada Pasal
5,6,10,14,15,16,17, dan pasal 22. Perusahaan Negara yang ditunjuk tetap sebagai
pelaksana pengelola MIGAS dengan mematuhi semua peraturan, persyaratan dari
pemerintah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2.</span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Undang Undang No.8 Tahun 1971<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PERTAMINA sebagai “<i>Integrated State Oil Company</i>” mendapatkan tugas sebagai pelaksana
pengusahaan pertambangan migas.Pertamina juga mendapatkan Kuasa Pertambangan
yang meliputi Eksplorasi, Eksploitasi, Pemurnian dan Pengolahan, Pengangkutan
serta Penjualan. Berdasarkan UU No.8 tahun 1971, PERTAMINA dapat mengadakan
kerjasama dengan pihak lain dalam bentuk “Kontrak <i>Production Sharing</i>” dengan syarat tertentu dan berlaku setelah
disetujui oleh Presiden untuk kemudian diberitahukan kepada Dewan Perwakilan
Rakyat. Syarat-syarat dalam kerjasama tersebut harus diusahakan syarat yang
paling menguntungkan Negara. Dengan kata lain pada waktu itu pengelolaan migas
di tangani oleh PERTAMINA.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Puspita,
Bella,2012)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1
Penjelasan Undang Undang No.8 Tahun 1971<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minyak
dan gas bumi merupakan bahan galian yang strategis dan merupakan kekayaan
Nasional yang terbesar dewasa ini.Kekayaan ini sekali ditambang dari perut bumi
tidak dapat diperbaharui lagi, karena itu dalam menetapkan kebijaksanaan
perminyakan dan pelaksanaan kebijaksanaan tersebut selalu harus berpedoman
kepada jiwa pasal 33 ayat (3) Undang-undang Dasar 1945.Sudah semestinyalah,
bahwa kekayaan Nasional yang besar tersebut harus dimanfaatkan untuk
pembangunan perekonomian negara yang dapat membawa kesejahteraan seluruh rakyat
Indonesia.Dalam pada itu, perusahaan pertambangan minyak dan gas bumi harus
dilakukan secara ekonomis, sehingga merupakan sumber pembiayaan yang penting
bagi Pembangunan ekonomi Negara.
Berhubung dengan pentingnya bahan galian minyak dan gas bumi, baik bagi
kesejahteraan rakyat maupun untuk pertahanan dan keamanan Nasional, maka dalam
Undang-undang No. 44 Prp. tahun 1960 telah ditentukan bahwa pengusahaan minyak
dan gas bumi hanya dapat diselenggarakan oleh negara dan pelaksanaan pengusahaannya
hanya dapat dilakukan oleh Perusahaan Negara.
Perusahaan Negara Pertambangan Minyak dan Gas Bumi Nasional (P.N.
PERTAMINA) yang didirikan dengan Peraturan Pemerintah No. 27 tahun 1968
(Lembaran-Negara tahun 1968 No. 44) sampai pada saat berlakunya Undang-undang
ini adalah satu-satunya Perusahaan Negara yang telah ditugaskan untuk menampung
dan melaksanakan semua kegiatan pengusahaan minyak dan gas bumi di Indonesia,
yang pada waktu ini telah berkembang dan telah mencapai suatu tingkat kesatuan
usaha yang meliputi berbagaibagai cabang pengusahaan minyak dan gas bumi (suatu
<i>Integrated State Oil Company</i>) di
Indonesia. Memperhatikan pengalaman
serta hasil-hasil yang telah dicapai oleh P.N. PERTAMINA hingga saat ini, serta
pula untuk menjamin kelancaran perkembangan usaha selanjutnya bagi suatu
perusahaan pertambangan minyak dan gas bumi negara yang sanggup dan mampu
mengadakan kompetisi secara internasional, sehingga dapat memberikan manfaat
yang sebesar-besarnya bagi rakyat dan negara, maka perlu disiapkan dasar-dasar
dan landasan kerja yang memadai, yang tidak cukup diatur dengan
perundang-undangan yang telah ada.
Berdasarkan pertimbangan-pertimbangan tersebut di atas itulah, maka
dengan Undang-undang ini didirikan Perusahaan Pertambangan Minyak dan Gas Bumi
Negara, disingkat Undang-undang PERTAMINA, yang diharapkan akan dapat merupakan
sarana (hukum) untuk meningkatkan dan lebih menjamin suksesnya pengusahaan
minyak dan gas bumi, yang selama ini dilaksanakan oleh P.N. PERTAMINA. Di samping itu dalam Undang-undang PERTAMINA
ini diatur lebih jelas dan terperinci cara-cara pengurusan perusahaan khusus
mengenai minyak dan gas bumi yang strategis itu, serta diatur dengan jelas pula
hak-hak dan kewajiban-kewajiban perusahaan, sehingga dapat diharapkan akan lebih
terjamin kelancaran pelaksanaan usaha, sedangkan pemberian bimbingan dan
pengawasan akan dapat dilaksanakan pula oleh Pemerintah dengan lebih teratur
dan terarah.(Penjelasan Umum, UU.No8 Tahun 1971,Hal.16)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Penjelasan pasal UU No.8 Tahun 1971,Hal. 17-23)
Penjelasan Dalam beberapa Pasal dalam undang undang No.8 Tahun 1971, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat
(1). Dalam pasal 16 Undang-undang No. 44
Prp. tahun 1960 ditegaskan bahwa tata-usaha dan pengawasan pekerjaan-pekerjaan
pertambangan dan pelaksanaan pengusahaan minyak dan gas bumi dilakukan oleh
Departemen/Instansi Pemerintah yang lapangan tugasnya meliputi urusan
pertambangan minyak dan gas bumi. Oleh
karena itu dengan tidak mengurangi tugas dan wewenang Menteri-menteri dalam
bidangnya masing-masing, maka pengusahaan minyak dan gas bumi di Indonesia
diatur, dibina dan diawasi oleh Menteri tersebut di atas.Pengaturan, pembinaan
dan pengawasan pertambangan minyak dan gas bumi tersebut dilakukan dalam rangka
kewenangan Menteri tersebut di atas dalam bidang hukum publik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat
(2) Cukup jelas.Ayat (3). Bahwa
pelaksanaan pengusahaan minyak dan gas bumi itu merupakan proses yang
terus-menerus dan memerlukan peralatan yang khusus dan menghadapi kemungkinan
bahaya yang mempunyai frequency yang begitu besar maka perlu diadakan
penyelenggaraan keselamatan kerja yang lebih effisien dan effektif. Oleh karena
pada Departemen Pertambangan tersedia personil peralatan yang khusus untuk
menyelenggarakan keselamatan kerja tersebut maka perlu wewenang untuk
menyelenggarakan keselamatan kerja di bidang pelaksanaan pengusahaan minyak dan
gas bumi yang dimaksud dalam undang-undang No. 1 tahun 1970 tentang keselamatan
kerja dilimpahkan kepada Departemen Pertambangan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kemakmuran rakyat dan Negara dapat dicapai
dengan melaksanakan pembangunan perekonomian Negara; dengan demikian aktivitas
perusahaan akan selalu memperhatikan dan bahkan berpedoman kepada pembangunan
perekonomian tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat
(2).Sebagaimana pelaksana pengusahaan minyak dan gas bumi yang bidang usahanya
bersifat khusus, Perusahaan memerlukan ruang gerak yang cukup yang meliputi
usaha-usaha lain yang bersangkutan dengan itu, sehingga usahanya dapat berjalan
seeffiein mungkin dan dapat terjamin kelancaran masing-masing bidang
usahanya.Perluasan usaha selalu harus didasarkan kepada perhitungan
ekonomis.Walaupun demikian tidak dapat dianggap wajar andaikata perusahaan
mengadakan perluasan usaha dalam bidang yang tidak ada hubungan langsung dengan
usaha pokoknya. Semua daya dan dana seharusnya pertama-tama dipergunakan untuk
usaha pokok; setelah usaha pokok ini terlaksana dan menurut perhitungan
ekonomis memberikan atau menyebabkan keuntungan yang lebih besar dalam usaha
Perusahaan barulah perluasan usaha dapat dilaksanakan dengan seijin Presiden.
Dengan sendirinya Presiden hanya akan menyetujuinya setelah Dewan Komisaris
Pemerintah mengijinkan Perusahaan untuk mengadakan usaha baru tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat
(1).Yang dimaksud dengan modal Perusahaan sebesar yang ditanam dalam P.N.
PERTAMINA adalah modal yang terdiri dari seluruh kekayaan P.N. PERTAMINA yang
ada semenjak didirikan hingga saat pembubarannya dan yang telah dinyatakan
dalam Neraca Penutupan dan Neraca Pembukaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat
(3).Sebagai badan hukum berdasarkan Undang-undang ini, maka Perusahaan
mempunyai modal yang merupakan kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan, sedangkan modal
tersebut tidak terbagi atas saham-saham.Ketentuan ini dimaksudkan untuk
mempertegas kedudukan modal Perusahaan, sehingga tidak memungkinkan adanya
Partisipasi modal dari luar dalam Perusahaan (partisipasi pasif).Penyertaan
modal dari Perusahaan untuk perluasan usaha (partisipasi aktif) dilaksanakan
sesuai dengan ketentuan dalam Pasal 6 ayat (2) Undang-undang ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat
(2).Cadangan tujuan dimaksudkan untuk digunakan sebagai pembiayaan
tujuan-tujuan tertentu, seperti pembaharuan, perluasan dan sebagainya. Tiap-tiap cadangan tujuan tersebut harus
dijelaskan dalam pembukuan untuk tujuan-tujuan apa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pengurusan dan penggunaan dana-dana dari pada
penyusutan dan cadangan-cadangan perlu diatur lebih lanjut, terutama untuk
mencegah penggunaan dana-dana tersebut untuk: tujuan-tujuan yang menyimpang
dari pada semula. Demikian pula dapat diatur untuk memanfaatkan danadana
tersebut selama tidak dipakai. Karena
cadangan umum dimaksudkan untuk melindungi modal Perusahaan, sedang modal
Perusahaan adalah milik Negara, maka sewajarnyalah bahwa pengurusan dana
termaksud diatur oleh Peraturan Pemerintah. Lain halnya dengan pengurusan dana
penyusutan dan cadangan tujuan yang dapat diatur oleh Dewan Komisaris
Pemerintah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengeluaran
obligasi oleh Perusahaan memerlukan pemikiran yang teliti apakah rentabilitas
dari investasi yang dilakukan dengan hasil penjualan obligasi cukup tinggi
sehingga dapat menutup bunga obligasi yang harus dibayar setiap tahunnya. Demikian juga apakah akan tersedia dana pada
waktu dibutuhkan untuk pelunasan. Karena
itu keputusan untuk mengeluarkan obligasi harus dilakukan dengan Peraturan
Pemerintah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
pasal ini tidak berarti bahwa semua wilayah hukum pertambangan telah diberikan
kepada perusahaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dalam mengadakan kerja sama ini harus
diusahakan syarat-syarat yang paling menguntungkan bagi Negara. Dengan sendirinya Pemerintah hanya akan
menyetujui kerjasama ini setelah Dewan Komisaris Pemerintah mengijinkan
Perusahaan mengadakan kerja sama. Setiap
Kontrak <i>Production Sharing</i> yang telah
disetujui oleh Presiden diberitahukan kepada Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
melaksanakan tugas untuk menyediakan dan melayani kebutuhan bahan bakar minyak
dan gas bumi kebutuhan dalam negeri, terutama minyak tanah sebagai salah satu
bahan pokok, Perusahaan mentaati ketentuan-ketentuan dan petunjuk yang
diberikan oleh Pemerintah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat
(1). a. Yang dimaksud dengan net
operating income di sini ialah hasil
(revenue) dikurangi dengan biaya-biaya (general cost). Untuk ini
dipergunakan cara-cara perhitungan seperti yang dimuat dalam Undang-undang No.
14 tahun 1963.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> b. Pembagian dari hasil Production Sharing
adalah sebagai berikut: Misalkan suatu
Production Sharing operation
menghasilkan :100 X Biaya yang
dikeluarkan oleh kontraktor : 40 X (masimum) Net operating income : 60 X
yang harus disetor ke Kas Negara
: 60% dari 60 X = 36 X. Jika
biaya yang dikeluarkan kontraktor lebih kecil, maka pembagiannya akan menjadi
sebagai berikut : Misalkan suatu
Production Sharing operation
menghasilkan : 100 X Biaya yang dikeluarkan kontraktor : 20
X 80 X
yang harus disetor ke Kas Negara :60% dari 80 X 48 X. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
pembagian ini terlihat bahwa makin baik syarat-syarat kontrak untuk fihak
Indonesia makin besar bagian untuk Perusahaan.Sewajarnyalah Perusahaan
mendapatkan fee yang lebih besar dari usahanya yang lebih baik.Dengan pembagian
ini Perusahaan harus dapat menutup biaya-biaya pelaksanaan Production Sharing
yang dikeluarkan sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> c. Cukup jelas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> d. Yang dimaksud bonus Perusahaan adalah bonus
produksi yang harus dibayar oleh kontraktor kepada PERTAMINA dalam rangka
kontrakkontrak Production Sharing dan mulai berlaku pada saat berlakunya
Undangundang ini. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Khusus mengenai Iuran Pembangunan Daerah
(IPEDA), oleh karena hal ini menyangkut kepentingan Daerah, maka pelaksanaannya
dibayar oleh Pemerintah Pusat kepada Pemerintah Daerah dari hasil yang harus
disetorkan Perusahaan kepada Kas Negara. Iuran Pembangunan Daerah (IPEDA)
dengan demikian tetap ada dan tidak dihapuskan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat
(1). Kebijaksanaan umum yang dimaksud dalam ayat ini adalah garis-garis
kebijaksanaan yang ditetapkan oleh Dewan Komisaris Pemerintah sebagai pedoman
pelaksanaan kerja dari Deireksi Perusahaan yakni antara lain seperti menetapkan
Anggaran Belanja, rencana kerja, rencana investasi, pedoman dalam mengurus dan
memelihara kekayaan perusahaan dan lain sebagainya yang dipandang perlu oleh
Dewan tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Adapun pengawasan yang dimaksud di sini
dilaksanakan oleh Dewan antara lain dengan cara penetapan pedoman dan cara-cara
tertentu di dalam melakukan pengelolaan atas kekayaan Perusahaan yang harus
diindahkan oleh Direksi, baik secara aktif Dewan tersebut melakukan pemeriksaan
maupun secara pasif dengan menerima laporan-laporan secara berkala, dan lain
sebagainya yang dipandang perlu oleh Dewan tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat
(2) Cukup jelas.Ayat (3) Cukup jelas.Ayat (4) Cukup jelas.Ayat (5).Dengan
sendirinya Dewan Komisaris Pemerintah berhak untuk memeriksa segenap Buku,
surat-surat dan bukti-bukti, serta dapat pula meminta bantuan akhli untuk
memeriksa Buku, surat-surat dan buktibukti tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat
(6) Cukup jelas.Ayat (7). Di dalam peraturan tata-tertib dan cara menjalan
tugas Dewan dicantumkan segala hak-hak, kewajiban dan prosedure kerja yang
dipandang perlu oleh Dewan agar ia dapat bekerja secara effisien dan
effectif. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat
(1)."Dipimpin dan diurus" yang dimaksud dalam ayat ini ialah semua
fungsi management yang ada dalam suatu Perusahaan Modern.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat
(2).Cukup jelas.Ayat (3).Cukup jelas.Ayat (4). Di dalam peraturan tata-tertib
dan cara menjalankan pekerjaan Direksi dicantumkan tentang pembagian tugas
antara Direksi, prosedure kerja dan lain sebagainya yang dipandang perlu oleh
Dewan Komisaris Pemerintah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 21.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pada pasal 16 ayat (1) Undang-undang ini
antara lain ditentukan bahwa dalam rangka penyempurnaan pengurusan Perusahaan
Dewan Komisaris Pemerintah mengusulkan susunan keanggotaan Direksi Perusahaan
kepada Presiden. Dengan tidak mengurangi
ketentuan tersebut, maka sebelum Direksi tersebut diangkat dan diberhentikan,
Presiden dapat mendengar pertimbangan/pendapat Menteri Pertambangan sebagai
pembantu Presiden yang disertai tanggung-jawab dalam pengusahaan minyak dan gas
bumi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat
(2). Syarat-syarat untuk pengangkatan anggota Direksi selain dari yang telah
ditetapkan dalam Undang-undang ini (pasl 22) akan ditambah dengan
ketentuan-ketentuan/persyaratan lain yang umum berlaku seperti mempunyai
kecakapan/keahlian yang dibutuhkan, bertaqwa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, setia
kepada Panca Sila dan Undang-undang Dasar 1945, mempunyai moral yang baik,
berwibawa, jujur, adil serta tidak terlibat baik langsung maupun tidak langsung
dalam gerakan G.30.S./P.K.I. dan atau organisasi-organisasi terlarang lainnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 22.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat
(1).Cukup jelas.Ayat (2).Kecuali ada ijin Presiden maka apabila antara
anggotaanggota Direksi tersebut terjadi hubungan keluarga, maka salah seorang
di antaranya tidak boleh melanjutkan jabatan lagi.Untuk pemilihannya didasarkan
atas pertimbangan obyektif sesuai dengan kepentingan Perusahaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat
(3).Jabatan ini demikian pentingnya, sehingga haruslah dibatasi adanya jabatan
rangkap.Ayat (4).Larangan ini dimaksudkan untuk menghindarkan adanya
pertentangan kepentingan dan terjaminnya obyektivitas dari Keputusan Direksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 26.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat
(1).Untuk menyelenggarakan pekerjaan Pengurusan Perusahaan dengan baik
diperlukan adanya anggaran Perusahaan.Dari Anggaran Perusahaan tersebut harus
jelas digambarkan kegiatan Perusahaan sendiri, hasil dari kegiatan anak-anak
Perusahaan dan penyertaan-penyertaan lainnya, rencana investasi dan hal-hal
lain yang berhubungan dengan itu.Di samping itu harus pula dijelaskan
sumber-sumber yang diharapkan untuk membiayai kegiatan-kegiatan tersebut di
atas.Kegiatan dalam rangka Production Sharing diajukan dalam anggaran
tersendiri.Dalam pengolahan Anggaran Perusahaan oleh Dewan Komisaris
Pemerintah, semua aparatur Deprtemen Pertambangan harus dipergunakan
seeffectif-effectifnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat
(2).Persetujuan Dewan Komisaris Pemerintah terhadap Anggaran tersebut di atas
tidak mengurangi kewajiban Direksi untuk memenuhi ketentuan Pasal 27
Undang-undang ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesuai
dengan sifat-sifat khusus Perusahaan di mana antara lain karena banyaknya
transaksi yang harus dilakukan dengan fihak asing, maka untuk kelancaran
usahanya, Perusahaan menggunakan bank milik Negara dan apa bila diperlukan
dapat juga menggunakan bank-bank lain dengan persetujuan Dewan Komisaris
Pemerintah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt 122.85pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan Pasal 29<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat
(1).Perhitungan tahunan digunakan sebagai dasar dari Dewan Komisaris Pemerintah
untuk memberikan pengesahannya terhadap tindakan pengurusan Perusahaan oleh
Direksi.Ayat (2) Cukup jelas.Ayat (3) Cukup jelas.Ayat (4) Cukup jelas.Ayat (5)
Cukup jelas.Ayat (6).Dalam menetapkan penggunaan laba Perusahaan, harus
diperhatikan pula pembentukan cadangan umum dan cadangan tujuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 30.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat (1) Cukup jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat
(2) Cukup jelas.Ayat (3).Dengan pengesahanpertanggungan-jawab likwidasi yang
dilakukan oleh likwidatur kepada Pemerintah sekaligus memberikan pembebasan
tanggung jawab mengenai pekerjaan yang telah dilakukan oleh likwidatur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan
Pasal 34.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat
(1).Cukup jelas.Ayat (2).Pelaksanaan dari Undang-undang ini secara effectif
diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.3 Pandangan Umum Undang Undang
No.8 Tahun 1971<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A.
Pandangan Sebagai perusahaan Negara <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
undang undang No.8 Tahun 1971 sangat detail sekali mengatur mekanisme sebuah
perusahaan Negara, dan juga merupakan manifesti dari Undang – undang No 44
tahun 1960.Sehinnga PERTAMINA telah disahkan sebagai Perusahaan Negara yang
memiliki payung hukum, sesuai dengan pasal 2 ayat 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
pendirian perusahaan Negara ini sudah sangat Jelas diatur dalam pasal 5 dan
pasal 6,sebagai perusahaan Negara tentunya modal perusahan juga harus di awasi
serta di atur oleh Negara hal ini sangat terkait dalam pasal 7,8,9, dan 10.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertamina
di berikan kuasa terbatas oleh Negara atau pemerintah sebagai mesin atau alat
melakukan pengelolaan MIGAS, baik yang dilakukan langsung maupun melalui
kontraktor – kontraktor yang telah di setujui pemerintah. Hal tersebut dapat di
jelaskan pada pasal 11 dan pasal 12 serta terkait juga akan tugas dan kewajiban
Pertamina yang tertulis pada pasal 13,14 dan 15.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
menentukan anggaran dasar serta keputusan keputusan bersifat penting bagi
kelangsungan perusahaan Negara, pemerintah terlibat secara langsung terlihat
dalam pasal 26 dan 27<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pandangan
sebagai perpanjangan regulator dari pemerintah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam hal ini Pertamina merupakan representative
atau perwakilan dari pemerintah.Sehingga kekuasaan Pertamina tetap dibatasi,
diatur, dan di awasi oleh pemerintah.Dapat terlihat dari beberpa pasal mengenai
pengaturan susunan direksi, yaitu pasal 16,17,19,21 dan 22.Tugas dan tanggung
jawab direksi juga sangat jelas pada pasal 20 dan 23.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">III.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan serta pandangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah melakukan pemaparan materi yang telah tertulis pada bab sebelumnya maka
para penulis menyimpulkan bahwa hakikatnya PERTAMINA adalah <b>Perusahaan Negara yang di beri kewenangan
khusus terbatas sebagai regulator.</b>Jika kita menilik pengertian terminology
dari Regulator menurut (KBBI,</span><a href="http://kbbi.web.id/regulator"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">http://kbbi.web.id/regulator</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">) <b>adalah alat pengatur</b>.Secara umum posisi pertamina dapat dijelaskan
pada Tabel 4.1 Ketentuan Strategis konstitusional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 669px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19.15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 19.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 19.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">UU.No 44 Prp.1960<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 19.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.7pt;" valign="top" width="293"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">UU. No.8/1971<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 96.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 96.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 96.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Segala bahan galian
migas yang ada didalam wilayah hukum pertambangan Indonesia merupakan
kekayaan nasional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 96.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.7pt;" valign="top" width="293"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Kepada perusahaan
(Pertamina) disediakan seluruh wilayah hukum pertambangan Indonesia,
sepanjang mengenai pertambangan migas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 58.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 58.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 58.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Pertambangan hanya
dikuasai Negara. Usaha pertambangan migas di usahakan oleh Perusahaan Negara
Semata mata (pasal3)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 58.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.7pt;" valign="top" width="293"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Kepada Perusahaan
diberikan KP yang batas wilayahnya dan syaratnya di tetapkan oleh Presiden
atas usul Menteri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 96.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 96.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 96.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Usaha pertambangan
migas dapat meliputi : Eksplorasi, Eksploitasi, permunian pengolahan,
pengangkutan dan penjualan. (Pasal4)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 96.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.7pt;" valign="top" width="293"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Tabel
4.1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Ketentuan
Strategis Konstitusional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">(Sumber
: Batubara, Marwan, 2013, Akses Internet
</span>http://www.slideshare.net/pwypindonesia/kelembagaan-sektor-hulu-migas
)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
tabel serta pemaparan penjelasan diatas
maka didapat beberpa penafsiran yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertamina
Merupakan perusahaan Negara yang secara general di jelaskan dalam UU. No.44
Tahun 1971 serta menjadi lebih khusus dengan keluarnya UU. No 8 Tahun 1971
sebagai UU Pertamina.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut (Juwana, </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hikmahanto,2015,
<i>Guru besar Ilmu Hukum Universitas
Indonesia</i>)“Pertamina (tanpa PT di depan) dahulu melaksanakan kegiatan baik
di hulu maupun di hilir. Di hulu, meski merupakan sebuah badan hukum, Pertamina
diberi kewenangan negara sebagai regulator. Pertamina juga memiliki kewenangan
negara sebagai pemberi wilayah konsesi bagi pihak ketiga. Pertamina juga
mewakili negara saat berkontrak dengan pihak ketiga. Selain itu, Pertamina
adalah badan usaha atau operator sebagaimana layaknya sebuah perusahaan
migas.Di hilir, Pertamina diberi kewenangan sebagai regulator, pihak yang
mengusulkan besaran subsidi BBM, di samping merangkap sebagai operator”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari Setiap Perundang undangan
tersebut Pertamina terlihat jelas sebagai ALAT PENGATUR Dari pemerintahan dalam
hal ini Negara. Sesuai dengan UUD 1945 yang merupakan landasan paling utama di
Indonesia.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Multitafsir
terhadap peraturan dan perundang undangan memang dapat terjadi akan tetapi jika
semua mengkrucut pada satu tujuan yang sama makan bias – bias ataupun kerancuan
tidak akan terjadi. Terlebih lagi setelah Makamah Agung memutuskan menggunakan
tafsiran terhadap klausal “ Dikuasai
Negara” dalam UUD 1945 adalah “mencakup makna penguasaan oleh negara dalam arti
luas, bersumber dan diturunkan dari konsep kedaulatan rakyat. Rakyat secara
kolektif memberikan mandat kepada negara untuk membuat kebijakan dan mengurus,
mengatur, mengelola, dan mengawasi untuk tujuan sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran
rakyat”.</span></u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Juwana,
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hikmahanto,2015, <i>Guru besar Ilmu Hukum Universitas Indonesia)</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">IV.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SARAN DAN MASUKAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah melihat serta menyimpulkan
pemasalahan multi tafsir yang terjadi maka penulis dapat sedikit memberikan
saran dan masukan yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
pembuatan Perundang undangan hendaknya di jelaskan secara detail;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alangkah
baiknya semua tafsiran merujuk pada lembaga hukum tertinggi Negara sehingga
tidak terjadi bias;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perumusan
perundang undangan diharapkan dapat melibatkan semua piahak yaitu Pelaku
Bisnis, Pemerintah, Akademisi dan peneliti;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kami
berpendapat bahwa PERTAMINA sebagai ALAT Negara tidak masalah memonopoli usaha
MIGAS, selama sesuai dengan ketentuan dan perundang undangan yang berlaku;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permasalahan
yang paling krusial adalah Pertamina harus menata ulang manajemen internal,
terutama dibidang pemberantasan korupsi sehingga kepercayaan rakyat akan
kembali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Agil,
Rachmat,”<i><span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">Menilik Sejarah Kontrak Bagi Hasil (Production Sharing Contract)
Migas Indonesia<b>,</b></span></i><b><span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">2011, Di
akses dari </span></b></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://redfox69.wordpress.com/2011/04/01/menilik-sejarah-kontrak-bagi-hasil-production-sharing-contract-migas-indonesia/">https://redfox69.wordpress.com/2011/04/01/menilik-sejarah-kontrak-bagi-hasil-production-sharing-contract-migas-indonesia/</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Batubara,
Marwan, “ <i>Kelembagaan sector hulu Migas”</i>
presentasi, Indonesia Resources Studies IRES, 2013, Di akses dari </span><a href="http://www.slideshare.net/pwypindonesia/kelembagaan-sektor-hulu-migas"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://www.slideshare.net/pwypindonesia/kelembagaan-sektor-hulu-migas</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Juwana, Hikmahanto.”Ikhawal Dikuasai Negara”, Guru Besar
Hukum Universitas Indonesia, Kompas,2013, Diakses dari </span><a href="http://budisansblog.blogspot.co.id/2015/09/ikhwal-dikuasai-negara.html"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://budisansblog.blogspot.co.id/2015/09/ikhwal-dikuasai-negara.html</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kamus
Besar Bahasa Indonesia, diakses dari </span><a href="http://kbbi.web.id/regulator"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://kbbi.web.id/regulator</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Permana,
Satria,” <i>Badai Ditengah “Oil Boom” krisis
menejemen keuangan Pertamina 1973 -1975</i>” Skripsi, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 2012;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Puspita,
Bella, 2012.” <i>Kebijakan Migas Indonesia”</i>,
Di akses dari </span><a href="http://bellampuspita.blogspot.co.id/2012/05/kebijakan-migas-di-indonesia.html"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://bellampuspita.blogspot.co.id/2012/05/kebijakan-migas-di-indonesia.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perundang Undangan No. 8 Tahun 1971,
Diakses dari </span><a href="http://ppesumapapua.menlh.go.id/index.php?option=com_rokdownloads&view=file&task=download&id=44%3Auu-8-1971-perusahaan-pertambangan-minyak-dan-gas-bumi-negara&Itemid=121"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">http://ppesumapapua.menlh.go.id/index.php?option=com_rokdownloads&view=file&task=download&id=44%3Auu-8-1971-perusahaan-pertambangan-minyak-dan-gas-bumi-negara&Itemid=121</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perundang
Undangan No 44 Tahun 1960, Diakses dari </span><a href="http://www.ndaru.net/wp-content/uploads/201106/uu_44_prp_1960.pdf"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">http://www.ndaru.net/wp-content/uploads/201106/uu_44_prp_1960.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Link paper :<br />
<a href="https://www.academia.edu/34664979/ANALISA_PEMBUKTIAN_PERTAMINA_MENJADI_SEBUAH_PERUSAHAAN_REGULATOR_ATAU_PERUSAHAAN">https://www.academia.edu/34664979/ANALISA_PEMBUKTIAN_PERTAMINA_MENJADI_SEBUAH_PERUSAHAAN_REGULATOR_ATAU_PERUSAHAAN</a><br />
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Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-4635025563201987822016-01-17T19:28:00.000+07:002016-01-17T19:28:55.649+07:00Depletion Premium In Oil and Gas industries<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">
<b style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN"> Depletion Premium didalam pengelolaan sumber daya
migas di Indonesia</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Oleh : Arif Eka Rahmanto</div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Depletion
premium</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah biaya penggunaan sumber daya tidak
terbarukan yang digunakan sebagai investasi untuk mengganti sumber daya yang
telah digunakan yang nilainya sebanding di masa mendatang. Penerapan depletion
premium dalam sistem Kontrak Kerjasama adalah menyisihkan DP langsung dari
pendapatan lifting migas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi menurut( Arsegianto,2009) : <i>User’s cost</i> ini disebut juga depletion
premium. Depletion premium dikelola oleh pemerintah atas nama generasi yang
akan datang dan digunakan untuk membiayai usaha mengganti minyak yang diambil
hari ini misalnya dengan melakukan eksplorasi untuk mendapat cadangan baru,
atau penelitian dan pengembangan pengganti minyak seperti bio-disel, tenaga
matahari dan sebagainya. Depletion Premium sangat di pengaruhi oleh perbedaan
Inflasi dan MAAR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di Indonesia
penentuan harga minyak dan gas bumi telah menerapkan depletion premium di
setiap analisis keekonomian proyek ekploitasi minyak dan gas bumi, selain akan
menjamin keberlangsungan ketersediaan energi (sustainibility) juga membangunan
ketahanan di sektor energi di masa yang akan datang. Sehingga generasi di masa
yang akan datang memiliki kemampuan untuk memanfaatkan pengganti sumber daya
alam yang saat ini diambil</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada saat ini dan sebelumnya Indonesia telah
menerapkan konsep tersebut (<i>Depletion
Premium</i>) terutama pada penerapan system kontrak Kerja Sama atau PSC di
bidang Gas, sedangkan dibidang Minyak bumi atau oil penerapan <i>Depletion Premium</i> tersebut dilakukan
dengan pembayaran dimuka. Dalam PSC
kontrak dikenal juga FTP <i>First Trench
Petroleoum</i> yang merupakan persamaan dari <i>Depletion Premium</i>, dalam kontrak di dunia MIGAS Indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain itu juga <i>Depletion
Premium</i> juga akan di terapkan untuk kebijakan <u>dana ketahanan ENERGY</u> <u>Indonesia</u>.
Adapun dana Ketahanan ini menjadi uasan
yang harus di pertimbangkan dari berbagai aspek, Kami mengambil tulisan dari media kompas terkait pembahasan tersebut :<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DR. Pri Agung
Rakhmanto</span></u></b><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ;</span></b><i><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<i><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></i></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kompas</span></b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">;</span> <i>Rabu 30
Desember 2015</i></span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Pekan lalu, pemerintah
menurunkan harga bahan bakar minyak jenis premium dan solar. Harga premium
turun dari Rp 7.400 per liter menjadi Rp 7.150 per liter dan solar turun dari
Rp 6.700 per liter menjadi Rp 5.950.</span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Harga baru ini mulai
diberlakukan pada 5 Januari 2016. Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (ESDM)
Sudirman Said mengatakan, harga keekonomian premium saat ini sebenarnya Rp
6.950/liter, sedangkan solar Rp 5.650/liter. Namun, untuk kepentingan
pengembangan energi terbarukan, pemerintah menambah Rp 200/liter pada harga
premium dan Rp 300/liter pada harga solar. Dana Rp 200/liter dan Rp 300/liter
yang diambil dari harga premium dan solar ini diklaim merupakan dana ketahanan
energi.</span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dasar hukum lemah</span></b><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Gagasan tentang dana ketahanan
energi seperti yang dicetuskan Menteri ESDM pada dasarnya baik. Namun, untuk
mengimplementasikannya menjadi kebijakan resmi, sebaiknya pemerintah terlebih
dahulu harus memiliki pijakan dasar hukum yang kuat dan jelas.</span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Saya menilai rujukan peraturan
yang digunakan pemerintah dalam menerapkan kebijakan dana ketahanan energi ini,
yaitu Undang-Undang (UU) Nomor 30 Tahun 2007 tentang Energi dan Peraturan
Pemerintah (PP) No 79/2014 tentang Kebijakan Energi Nasional, tidak cukup kuat.
Pasal 30 Ayat 1, 2, dan 3 UU No 30/2007 memang menyebut tentang dana untuk
penelitian pengembangan energi. Namun, untuk pengaturan lebih lanjut tentang
itu, pada Ayat 4 disebutkan, diperlukan PP. Dalam konteks ini, PP yang dimaksud
adalah PP tentang pendanaan kegiatan penelitian pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan
dan teknologi energi, yang mungkin dalam konteks kebijakan dana ketahanan
energi bisa menjadi lebih relevan.</span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Dengan demikian, PP No 79/2014
bukan aturan pelaksana yang dimaksud Pasal 30 UU No 30/2007. PP No 79/2014
memang menyebut tentang adanya premi pengurasan (</span><i><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">depletion premium</span></i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">)energi fosil yang dapat
diperuntukkan bagi kegiatan eksplorasi migas, selain bagi pengembangan energi
baru terbarukan, sumber daya manusia, penelitian pengembangan, dan
infrastruktur. Namun, PP itu tak secara spesifik mengatur bahwa premi
pengurasan itu diambil dari sebagian harga bahan bakar minyak (BBM) seperti
yang diterapkan pemerintah dalam kebijakannya saat ini.</span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Dengan kata lain, saya
berpendapat bahwa PP No 79/2014 ini pun tidak cukup kuat sebagai landasan hukum
untuk ”memungut” dana ketahanan energi dari harga BBM yang diberlakukan di
masyarakat.</span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Premi pengurasan</span></b><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Secara konseptual, premi
pengurasan pada dasarnya adalah sejumlah nilai ekonomi tertentu yang dikenakan
pada aktivitas pendayagunaan suatu sumber daya (energi) yang tidak terbarui.
Tujuannya adalah untuk menjaga ketersediaan sumber daya energi (tersebut)
selama mungkin atau juga untuk menjaga keberlanjutan ketersediaan energi lain
dalam arti yang lebih luas.</span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Dalam praktiknya, sebagaimana
diterapkan di banyak negara, hal ini dapat secara langsung diambilkan dari
sebagian penerimaan yang diperoleh dari pendayagunaan sumber energi
nonterbarukan atau dapat juga dikenakan dalam bentuk pajak yang dimasukkan
sebagai salah satu komponen harga energi. Dalam konteks Indonesia, kedua cara
ini pada dasarnya sama-sama dapat diterapkan.</span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Pemerintah—melalui instrumen
APBN, dengan persetujuan DPR tentunya—dapat secara langsung menyisihkan
sebagian penerimaan negara (penerimaan negara bukan pajak/PNBP) yang diperoleh
dari pengusahaan energi nonterbarukan, seperti migas atau batubara. Pemerintah
melalui instrumen pajak juga dapat menetapkan pajak premi pengurasan sejumlah
tertentu pada harga energi yang diberlakukan kepada masyarakat.</span></i></b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> Sesuai filosofinya, hasil
penyisihan sebagian PNBP energi nonterbarukan atau pajak tersebut harus
digunakan untuk hal-hal yang bermanfaat bagi penyediaan energi nasional secara
berkelanjutan.</span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Untuk menerapkan salah satu
atau keduanya di Indonesia, tetap terlebih dahulu harus ada dasar hukum yang kuat
dan jelas, yang secara khusus mengatur tentang bagaimana premi pengurasan itu
akan diterapkan, bagaimana mekanisme pengelolaan, pemanfaatan, dan
pertanggungjawabannya. Saran sederhana saya, dasar hukum yang kuat dan jelas
mesti ada dulu, baru kebijakan dana ketahanan energi diterapkan.</span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Satu hal yang mungkin dapat
menjadi pertimbangan bagi perekonomian nasional, yang saat ini tengah
memerlukan stimulus, cara menyisihkan sebagian PNBP energi nonterbarukan secara
langsung melalui mekanisme APBN mungkin akan lebih baik dibandingkan memberi <b><i><u>”beban”
tambahan kepada masyarakat dalam bentuk harga yang lebih tinggi.</u></i></b>
Jadi, kiranya tidak ada salahnya jika kebijakan dana ketahanan energi yang akan
dijalankan saat ini ditinjau ulang dan dikaji kembali lebih mendalam.</span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam ulasan artikel tersebut <i>Depletion premium</i> pada Indonesia yaitu <b><u>dana ketahanan energi</u></b>
telah Ditetapkan oleh Menteri
ESDM sebagai beban masyarakat kelas ekonomi menengah – bawah. Dikarenakan hanya
bertumpu pada premium dan Solar bersubsidi.
Berdasarkan pemaparan diatas maka , Indonesia telah menetapkan system
ini yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PSC
dengan penambahan FTP secara langsung ataupun terpisah, ini sangat baik untuk
penerimaan pemerintah;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>DANA
KETAHANA ENERGY, secara langsung impact yang di rasakan pada masyarakat
menengah –kebawah, alangkah lebih baik di pertimbangan kan kembali dengan
menaruh dana ketahanan energy ini pada komponen pajak( kendaraan bermotor
pribadi), retribusi ijin usaha industry (semacam iuran pertahun tergantung
skala industrinya dan komponen energy yang digunakan) dan atau dimasukan dalam
komponen CSR perusahaan sebagai kompensasi penggunaan energy untuk menghasikan
barang atau jasa. </b><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber :</span><br />
<br />
<ul><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3754964409838661163&pli=1" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>
<li><a href="http://www2.esdm.go.id/berita/artikel/56-artikel/5212-energi-untuk-pembangunan-berkelanjutan-22.html" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">http://www2.esdm.go.id/berita/artikel/56-artikel/5212-energi-untuk-pembangunan-berkelanjutan-22.html</a></li>
<li><a href="http://indonesianreview.com/ds-muftie/menguji-rumusan-petroleum-fund%C2%A0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">http://indonesianreview.com/ds-muftie/menguji-rumusan-petroleum-fund</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.blogger.com/%C2%A0http://www.hukumonline.com/berita/baca/lt50117d4d93810/klausul-petroleum-fund-ada-di-ruu-migas" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">http://www.hukumonline.com/berita/baca/lt50117d4d93810/klausul-petroleum-fund-ada-di-ruu-migas</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.iatmi.or.id/assets/bulletin/pdf/2009/2009-10.pdf%C2%A0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">http://www.iatmi.or.id/assets/bulletin/pdf/2009/2009-10.pdf</span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></a></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><a href="https://agusrendiwijaya.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/kajian-depletion-premium.pdf">https://agusrendiwijaya.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/kajian-depletion-premium.pdf</a></span></li>
<li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/11916231/KETAHANAN_ENERGI_INDONESIA_2015-2025_TANTANGAN_DAN_HARAPAN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">https://www.academia.edu/11916231/KETAHANAN_ENERGI_INDONESIA_2015-2025_TANTANGAN_DAN_HARAPAN</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.reforminer.com/media-coverage/tahun-2015/1392-dana-ketahanan-energi/" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">http://www.reforminer.com/media-coverage/tahun-2015/1392-dana-ketahanan-energi</span></span>\</a></li>
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Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-90511789621798633752016-01-17T18:59:00.000+07:002016-01-17T19:00:10.145+07:00 Introduce Time Lapse Resevoir monitoring <div class="MsoNormal">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SEISMIC RESEVOIR MONITORING</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;"><b>Oleh : Lolyta Frigrina</b></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3754964409838661163&pli=1" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3754964409838661163&pli=1" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eksplorasi dan
Eksploitasi minyak dan gas selalu melibatkan evaluasi dari berbagai informasi.
Informasi yang didapatkan dari sumur akan memberikan informasi yang rinci
mengenai keadaan geologi disekitar sumur tersebut. Dengan memanfaatkan pengetahuan
mengenai ciri khas lingkungan pengendapan, informasi dari sumur-sumur ini
dikembangkan untuk memperkirakan penyebaran batuan dan sifat fisik antar sumur
ke seluruh daerah penelitian. Dalam pengelolaan suatu lapangan minyak, tujuan
yang selalu diutamakan adalah bagaimana memanfaatkan dan memaksimalkan asset
lapangan minyak yang dikelola, salah satunya adalah dengan monitoring suatu
reservoir yang bertujuan untuk melakukan pengurasan semaksimal mungkin,
seefisien mungkin untuk meningkatkan <i>recovery
factor.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Didalam reservoir
monitoring menggunakan teknologi Time Laps, dimana dengan teknologi tersebut
dapat menggambarkan kondisi suatu reservoir pada saat sebelum diproduksikan
terhadap kondisi setelah diproduksikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Objektivitas dari <i>Time Lapse Study</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggetahui
atau menggambarkan heterogenitas dari suatu reservoir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membantu
dalam menggambarkan suatu patahn structural dan kompartemennya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengidentifikasi
dari pergerakan minyak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui
dampak dari suatu injeksi pada produksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lateral
movement of injected water</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water
front of injected water</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reposition
of injectors (if necessary)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
locate the additional injectors</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membantu
dalam mengupgrade suatu <i>model reservoir</i>
sebelumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4D
Monitoring Tools:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seismic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Microgravity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Electromagnetic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Compaction
Monitoring<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Well
Temperature Monitoring<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tracer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Combination<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada bab berikutnya
akan dijelaskan tentang monitoring dengan menggunakan teknologi 4D Seismic,
dengan metode seismik refleksi dapat dipergunakan untuk membantu memperkirakan
gambaran dari perubahan geologi antara sumur yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk
meningkatkan kemampuan dalam pemilihan lokasi baik untuk pemboran di masa
mendatang. Metode Seismik adalah alat bantu yang efektif untuk dapat memberikan
gambaran yang bermakna dan bermanfaat untuk tujuan ini. Seismik 3D telah
menjadi metode yang umum dan merupakan alat bantu untuk eksplorasi dan produksi
sebuah lapangan minyak. Dengan interpretasi dari data seismik 3-D akan
didapatkan informasi yang lebih rinci mengenai stratigrafi dan keadaan geologi daerah
dibandingkan interpretasi dari seismic 2-D data apalagi korelasi antar sumur.
Namun gambaran geologi yang didapatkan adalah gambaran keadaan geologi dan
reservoir pada saat data tersebut di akusisi sehingga tidak dapat dipergunakan
untuk memperkirakan keadaan reservoir pada masa sekarang dan tidak dapat
dipergunakan untuk memperkirakan karakter dari pergerakan fluida didalam
reservoir akibat dari proses produksi pada suatu lapangan minyak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena itu metode
seismik 4D diperkenalkan untuk menjawab tantangan dari kebutuhan informasi untuk
lapangan-lapangan minyak dan gas yang telah berproduksi cukup lama namun masih
diharapkan untuk dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut di dalam kegiatan monitoring
reservoir. Informasi yang didapatkan dari metode seismik 4D ini mengandung
informasi terkini dan berdasarkan karakter perbedaan reservoir dalam selang
waktu dapat pula dipergunakan untuk memperkirakan arah pergerakan dari fluida
didalam reservoir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TEORI
DASAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 99%;">II.
Teknologi Seismik 4 D<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Pengertian Seismik
4D atau Teknologi time lapse adalah adalah seismik 3D dengan penambahan satu
dimensi baru berupa dimensi waktu sehingga dapat disebut juga seismik 4D.
Dengan kata lain, seismik 4D merupakan seismik 3D yang di reshoot dalam kurun
waktu yang berbeda dalam rangka memonitoring untuk mengetahui pergerakan minyak
dan gas di dalam reservoir. Seismik time lapse berguna untuk melihat perbedaan
respon seismik (time dan amplitudo) karena adanya perubahan tekanan dan
saturasi air akibat produksi dan injeksi pada sumur Dengan seismik 4D ini, maka
penempatan sumur baru dalam rangka recovery akan lebih akurat sehingga bisa
menaikkan produksi minyak dan gas. Oleh karena itu, agar dapat melihat
perbedaan respon seismik antara base survey dengan survey berikutnya real, maka
akuisisi dan processing nya harus dilakukan sedemikian rupa sama.</div>
<o:p></o:p></div>
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Perubahan
respon seismik dapat berbeda-beda dari satu lapangan dengan lapangan lainnya.
Adanya <i>depletion</i> dapat mengakibatkan
tekanan menurun dan menghasilkan amplitudo yang semakin<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>bright</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>atau sebaliknya semakin<span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span><i>dim</i>.<br />
<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">menggambarkan
bagaimana perubahan respon seismik dalam program steam flood untuk pengembangan
lapangan di mana reservoirnya berupa deltaic sand. Steam injection di dalam
lapangan heavy oil ini dapat meningkatkan faktor recovery dari 8% menjadi 60%.</span><br />
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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Biaya survey
4D ini tidaklah murah. Di lapangan Valhall, dilakukan survey OBC di mana
geophone dipasang permanen di dasar laut menelan biaya $45 juta. Akan tetapi
dampak dilakukannya monitoring seismik 4D adalah dapat meningkatkan faktor
recovery dari 20% hingga 60%. Tidak heran, meskipun untuk survey 4D di lapangan
Valhall menghabiskan dana besar pada awalnya namun produksi menjadi meningkat
yang diestimasi $15 juta per bulan karena adanya tambahan produksi sebesar
10.000 barel per hari. Oleh karena itu, meskipun mahal, teknologi seismik 4D
ini merupakan teknologi yang menjanjikan dan kedepannya akan semakin banyak
lagi oil company yang tertarik untuk melakukan survey seismik 4D.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b style="line-height: 17.2pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PENERAPAN
TEKNOLOGI 4D SEISMIC</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><b style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1
Contoh Penerapan Seismic 4D dalam Monitoring Reservoir Dalam Pengelolaan
lapangan Minyak Tua.</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seismik
4D atau teknologi<i> Time Lapse </i>sebetulnya adalah adalah teknologi seismik 3D yang
dilakukan pada tempat akusisi yang sama namun dengan selang waktu tertentu,
biasanya dilakukan pada tahapan eksplorasi ( sebelum produksi ) dan pada
tahapan pengembangan ( setelah produksi ). Secara umum, pada saat akusisi data
seismik, data tersebut merekam keadaan reservoir ditempat tersebut pada saat
akusisi terjadi, sehingga bilamana dikemudian waktu ada perubahan karakter reservoir
yang disebabkan oleh adanya produksi fluida dari reservoir, yang kemudian
dilakukan akusisi seismik data yang baru maka perubahan karakter didalam reservoir
pada masa inipun akan direkam pula oleh akusisi seismik yang baru. Sehingga
dengan membandingkan kedua ( atau lebih ) akusisi seismik ini kita akan
mendapatkan gambaran dari perubahan karakter dari reservoir tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan utama dari
evaluasi data seismik pada kasus ini adalah untuk mengetahui indikasi dari zat
cair arang dan karakter dari reservoir, karena itu mengetahui sifat batuan
reservoir yang diakibatkan oleh adanya fluida yang mengisi pori-pori batuan
dalam perubahan kondisi tekanan akan sangat bermanfaat agar dapat melakukan
interpretasi yang baik. Kalibrasi antara seismik dan data sumur sangatlah
penting sehingga bilamana itu tidak dilakukan gambaran-gambaran yang didapatkan
dari seismik 3D/4D menjadi tidak berarti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sebelum melakukan
pemodelan 4D perlu dilakukan terlebih dahulu pemodelan ekspektasi dengan
menggunakan data sumur agar dapat memodelkan perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi
pada sifat fisis batuan akibat perubahan dari reservoir yang dikarenakan oleh
perubahan tekanan formasi dan perubahan yang diakibatkan oleh penggantian zat
cair arang oleh air akibat adanya produksi. Perubahan sifat fisis batuan / reservoir
akibat perubahan tekanan dan kandungan fluida ini dimodelkan dengan menggunakan
model sintetik seismik dimana model ini memperlihatkan bahwa dengan naiknya
saturasi air akan menyebabkan moduli batuan k dan densitas fluida rho dan
kecepatan kompresi Vp berubah sedangkan kecepatan shear Vs tidak berubah karena
kecepatan ini tidak sensitif terhadap fluida</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai akibat dari
perubahan ini respon dari amplitude seismik akan menurun, karena dengan adanya
penggantian fluida dalam reservoir yaitu minyak digantikan oleh air akan
menyebabkan kontras dari Vp/Vs akan bertambah selaras dengan kontras impedance
yang merupakan fungsi dari Vp dan Vs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam mengoptimalkan
pengurasan minyak pada lapangan-lapangan tua tidak cukup hanya dengan
menggunakan data-data sumur dan data seismik 2D karena itu diperlukan teknologi
terapan baru seperti seismik 4D untuk memperkecil kemungkinan kegagalan dalam
usulan pemboran sumur baru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan pada saturasi
air dan tekanan reservoir akan mempengaruhi respon dari amplitude pada reservoir,
dimana penurunan harga amplitude adalah fungsi dari naiknya saturasi air dan
turunnya tekanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbekal pengetahuan
ini teknologi seismik 4D dapat dipakai untuk memonitor perubahan pada reservoir
sehingga dapat memprediksi laju pengurasan dan area pengurasan dengan lebih
akurat. Teknologi seismik 4D secara umum terbukti dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai
alat bantu dalam perencanaan manajemen reservoir pada lapangan-lapangan minyak
tua antara lain untuk merencanakan pengurasan yang maksimal dengan menentukan
usulan lokasi sumur pemboran baru yang optimum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber : di rangkum dari berbagai sumber</span></div>
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Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-5481686720291061212016-01-15T11:05:00.000+07:002016-01-15T11:05:18.074+07:00 Basic Structural and Stratigraphic Interpretations Seismic<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Structural and
Stratigraphic Interpretations<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Seismic</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oleh: Arif Eka Rahmanto, Trisakti
University.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I.Pedahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam keilmuan geology
terutama dibidang keilmuan yang lebih specific yaitu geofisika, perpaduan
antara ilmu geology dan ilmu fisika terapan. Di dunia MIGAS istilah seismic
bukan hal baru bagi kebanyakan professional engineer yang berkecimpung di
explorasi lapangan maupun tahap pengembangan lapangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oleh karena hal
tersebut methode seismic memiliki peran yang cukup penting untuk menentukan
kelayakan suatu lapangan untuk di kembangkan atau tidak. Dari hasil pegolahan
data seismic adalah <i>Structural</i> dan <i>Stratigraphic</i>, dimana pada tahapan
exploration investigasi yaitu <i>Sedimantary
Basin, Petroleoum System, Lead,Play, Prospect. </i> Data structural dan Stratigraphic dapat
menunjukan <i>sebuah petroleum system</i>
yang dapat dikatakan prospect atau sebaliknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Data Stratigraphic dan
structural secara langsung berhubungan pada nilai keekonomian sebuah lapangan <i>prospecting</i> untuk masuk pada tahap
Exploitasi yaitu <i>Delination, Development,
Production. </i> Data seismic tersebut di
jadikan <i>interpretation</i> (
Gambaran) kondisi geology bawah
permukaan dengan permodelan stratrigraphic dan structural tertentu yang di
inginkan dari 2 D, 3D, 4Dimensi. Menurut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;"> <span lang="EN-ID">(Kearey & Michael Brooks, 2002)</span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"> hubungan antara data Structural analysis dan
Strtigraphic analysis di seismic adalah : “<i>which
is the analysis of reflection sequences as the seismic expression of
lithologically-distinct depositional sequences. Both structural and
stratigraphical analyses are greatly assisted by seismic modelling”.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"> Berdasarkan
uraian paragraf diatas maka tujuan interpretasi seismic secara garis besar/
umum menurut (Widianto, 2015) :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Indentifikasi Stratigrafi dan Struktur geology;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Interpretasi Facies Pengendapan;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Definisi Petroleoum System;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Rekomendasi prospecttifitas dan termasuk resikonya.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Sehingga dari
tujuan tersebut maka interpretasi Stratigrafi dan structural, dapat dikatankan
bagian awal dalam sebuah proses investigasi petroleoum yang sangat penting.
Terlepas dari methode yang akan digunakan atau dipilih, dalam kaitanya tulisan
ini kami menggunkan methode seismic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">II.
Tiori Dasar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.1
Structural Analysis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Structural
analysis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> dalam seismic sangat berhubungan erat dengan <i>reflection wave</i> yang didapat dari sub
surface. Lebih dikenal dengan VSP <i>Profile
( Vertical Seismic Profile)</i> dengan data VSP Waktu<i>(MiliSecond</i>) Vs <i>Depth (m</i>). Pada uraian ataupun
pembahasan kali ini lebih mendalam pada <i>Structural
analysis Trap</i> / jebakan MIGAS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara khusus tujuan <i>Structural Analysis</i> adalah untuk
menemukan atau mengindentifikasi ada atau tidaknya <i>structural trap</i> yang mengandung Hidrocarbon pada suatu regional
atau daerah. Hal tersebut sejalan dengan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;"> <span lang="EN-ID">(Kearey & Michael Brooks, 2002)</span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"> : “<i>The main
application of structural analysis of seismic sections is in the search for
structural traps containing hydrocarbons”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Didalam pembentukan<i>
trap</i> <i> </i>tidak lepas dari hubungan <i>sediment environment</i> serta petroleoum system yang terbentuk.
Petroleoum system dikatakan ideal jika memenuhi beberapa criteria yaitu: <i>Source Rock;Migration;Resevoir
Rock;Seal/caprock;Trap.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Dalam proses <i>petroleoum
sytem</i> secara ideal bekerja dimulai dari <i>source
rock</i> proses pemasakan HC lalu karena perbedaan berat jenis dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SG
(<i>Specific Gravity</i>) sehingga fluida MIGAS
bermigrasi ke atas menuju <i>resevoir rock</i>
lalu menuju seal rock dan terperangkap dalam suatu area <i>resevoir.</i> H</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">ubungan
sediment environtment terhadap jenis
trap, Daerah pengendapan secara umum terbagi menjadi 3 bagian yaitu <i>Continental </i>(Daratan/benua), <i>Coastal </i>( Pinggir pantai), <i>Deep Marine</i> (Laut dalam)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Trap</span></i><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"> / jebakan terbentuk dikarenakan adanya tekanan
hydrostatic di dalam <i>subsurface</i>
sehingga menciptakan bermacam macam jebakan. secara umum berdasarkan hydrostatic
kondisi maka trap terbagi menjadi 2 macam : <i>An
Arched Upper Surface</i> dan <i>An Up-dip
Termination of The reservoir,</i> dari gambar tersebut terbentuk beberpa <i>trap </i>yaitu patahan, <i>dome salt, antiklin, pinchout.</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yang paling sering di
jumpai pada resevoar area adalah <i>anticlinal
trap</i> dan <i>fault trap</i> (patahan), merupakan
<i>cross section</i> dari <i>Anticlinal Trap</i> yang menujukan urutan
dari pengendapan MIGAS di mulai dari urutan paling atas yang memiliki SG (<i>Specific Gravity</i>) lebih kecil yaitu Gas
lalu yang paling bawah adalah Air. Terlihat juga pada gambar tersebut garis
pemisah secara horizontal GOC <i>( Gas Oil
Contact</i>) dan OWC (<i>Oil Water Contact</i>)
kedua parameter ini akan menentukan tingkat keekonomian suatu lapangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara
garis besar terdapat dua jenis patgahan secara garis besar yaitu <i>Normal Fault</i> dan <i>Reversed Fault</i> yang menjadi perhatian adalah <i>Spill point</i> dimana pada titik tersebut ada kemungkinan kebocoran
pada <i>sealling / cap</i> pada sebuah trap
sehingga memungkinkan <i>fluida</i> akan
bermigrasi kembali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Structural
Trap</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
dapat sangat jelas terlihat pada data seismic, akan tetapi sebelum melakukan <i>final interpretasi</i> seoarang interpreter
harus melakukan <i>filtering</i> data
tersebut hingga beberapa kali tahapan, sehingga dapat mengurangi menghidari<i> pitfalls</i> (salah interpretasi akibat
noise data seismic).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2 Stratigraphic Analysis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Secara Umum pengertian stratigrafi adalah “<i>Cabang geologi yang membahas tentang
pemerian, pengurutan,pengelompokan, dan klasifikasi tubuh batuan serta
korelasinya satu terhadap yang lain.”</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;"> <span lang="EN-ID">(Sumotarto, 2015)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;">Berdasarkan pemaparan diatas terdapat
8 hukum stratigraphic secara menyeluruh (Sumotarto,
2015) :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hukum superposisi (steno,1669)</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> didalam suatu urutan perlapisan batuan maka lapisan yg terletak di bawah
relatif lebih tua umurnya bila dibandingkan dgn perlapisan di atasnya,selama
perlapisan tsb belum mengalami deformasi;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hukum horisontalitas (steno,1669)</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> pada awal proses sedimentasi,perlapisan sedimen mempunyai kedudukan
relatif horisontal atau miring/sejajar dengan bidang pengendapan. batuan sedimen pd umumnya terdiri dari
partikel-partikel yg mengendap di dsr laut,danau atau sungai oleh pengaruh gaya
berat. partikel sedimen ini umumnya membentuk perlapisan yg horisontal,kurang
lebih sejajar dengan permukaan bidang pengendapan. oleh krn itu bila suatu batuan sedimen
ditemukan dlm posisi miring atau terlipat,maka batuan tsb pasti telah mengalami
suatu deformasi setelah pengendapan akibat tektonik;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hukum faunal succession (abbe giraud-soulavie,1777)</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> fosil-fosil berbeda spesiesnya menurut umur geologinya. fosil yg terdapat pada formasi batuan yg
lebih tua berbeda dengan fosil yg terdapat pada formasi yg lebih muda;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hukum strata identified by fossils (smith,1816)</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> perlapisan batuan dapat dibedakan satu dengan yg lain berdasarkan
kandungan fosilnya yg khas</span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hukum uniformitarianisme (hutton,1785) the present
is the key to the past</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
proses geologi yg berlangsung/terjadi
sekarang merupakan proses yg dapat dipakai untuk menjelaskan proses geologi
yang pernah terjadi pada masa lampau;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hukum principles of lateral accumulation</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> sebagian besar tubuh batuan sedimen terbentuk dari proses akresi lateral
(lateral accretion) <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">permukaan pengendapan biasanya miring</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">akumulasi terjadi oleh proses akresi dan
progradasi,dan terjadi pada arah sedimen transport</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">akumulasi bisa terjadi terus menerus hingga keadaan
oversteepned yang membuat masa yg diakumulasikan menjadi longsor sepanjang
lereng</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hukum korelasi fasies (walther,1894)</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> bila tidak ada selang waktu pengendapan dan tidak ada gangguan struktur,
maka dalam satu daur/siklus pengendapan yg dapat dikenal secara lateral juga
merupakan urutan vertikalnya a
conformable vertical sequence of facies was generated by a lateral sequence of
environments ;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">fasies sedimenter</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
suatu kelompok litologi dg ciri-ciri yg
khas (fisik,kimia, bilologi) dan merupakan hasil dari suatu lingkungan
pengendapan tertentu (selley,1978)yg berkembang scr lateral dan vertikal. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan
Hukum <i>Stratigraphic</i> diatas maka, interpretasi
seismic terutama untuk<i> Stratiraphic
Analysis</i> memiliki konsep dapat di katakan hampir sama dengan structural
terutama untuk <i>trap</i> hanya saja yang
membedakan <i>stratigraphic</i> ditambahkan
dengan sedimentasi ataupun lingkungan pengendapan yang lebih detail dari sebuah<i> trap.</i> Menurut pandangan beberapa ahli
mengenai <i>stratigraphic</i> adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;">(Kearey & Michael Brooks, 2002) :
“<i>Seismic stratigraphy involves the
subdivision of seismic sections into sequences of reflections that are
interpreted as the seismic expression of genetically related sedimentary
sequences”.</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;">(Magoon & Dow, 1994)<i>:”</i></span><span lang="EN-ID"> </span><i><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;">The stratigraphic extent of a petroleum system is the span of
lithological units which encompasses the essential elements within the
geographic extent of a petroleum system. The stratigraphic extent can be
displayed on the burial history chart and cross section drawn at the critical
moment. The stratigraphic extent is from below the pod of active source rock or
the petroleum of the discovered accumulations in the system, whichever is
deeper, to the top of the overburden rock.”</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;">(Assaad, 2009)<i>:”</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Astratigraphic trap in a reservoir
rock may occur in a structural oil field or a gas field,sealed by an impermeable barrier,which
has been tilted by anearth movement, but not folded or faulted insuch a way
that could affect the accumulation process.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara
garis besar <i>Strtigraphic trap</i> terbagi
menjadi 2 macam type yaitu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;"> <span lang="EN-ID">(Assaad, 2009)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perangkap
stratigraphic Primer yang terjadi selama
proses pengendapan dan pembentukan batuan ( Diagenesis).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perangkap
Stratigraphic Secondary terjadi setelah proses pembentukan primer, seperti <i>Unconformities, Solution</i>, dan <i>cementation.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembentukan perangkap stratigraphic
seperti yang telah dipaparkan diatas dikenal dengan nama <i>“Sequence stratigraphy”. </i> Definisi dari <i>sequence stratigraphy</i> menurut compilasi dari beberapa ahli yang
dirangkum oleh </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;"> <span lang="EN-ID">(Sumartarto, 2015)
dan (SEPM, 2015)</span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Sequence stratigraphy is the study
of genetically related facies within a
framework of chronostratigraphically significant surfaces”.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Van Wagoner et el., 1999);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“A stratigraphic unit bounded at
its top and base by unconformities or their
correlative conformities.”</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Mitchum et al., 1977);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">”Sequence is defined as a
relatively conformable, genetically related
succession of strata bounded by unconformities or their correlative.”</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> conformities (Mitchum, 1977);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sequence</span></a><span style="background: white;">s of the sedimentary record are generated by<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cycle</span></a><span style="background: white;">s of change in</span><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">accommodation</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">and/or sediment supply that also form similar<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sequence</span></a><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">stratigraphic
surfaces</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">through geologic time</span></span></i><i><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-ID" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(SEPM,
2015)</span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara detail hubungan
antara sequence stratigraphic dengan
analysis stratigraphic secara umum dapat dijelasan dengan <i>Stratigraphic framework, sequence
stratigraphic</i> merupakan wadah dari semua analisa baik dari <i>field data cores,logs</i>, waktu geology,
tektonik<i> interpretation</i>, <i>geometries, diagenesis</i>, dan sebagainya.
Sehingga dalam melakukan analisa Stratigraphic pada seimic akan lebih mudah
jika kita memahami <i>sequences stratigraphy</i>
secara menyeluruh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adapun batasan batasan dalam <i>sequences Stratigraphy</i> menurut Society for Sedimentary Geology </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;"> <span lang="EN-ID">(SEPM, 2015)</span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"> adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><i><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sequence Boundary</span></a></span></i></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></i></span><strong><i><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(SB) : “ </span></i></strong><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">envelopes
a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sequence</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">extending
down dip to a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">correlative conformity</span></a>.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">highstand systems tract</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><b><span style="background: white;">(HST)</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></i></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">falling stage systems tract</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><b><span style="background: white;">(FSST)</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></i></li>
</ol>
</ol>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><strong><i><span style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Transgressive surface</span></a></span></i></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i></span><strong><i><span style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(TS) : </span></i></strong><i><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This
surface is the first significant marine-</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">flooding
surface</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">in a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sequence</span></a><span style="background: white;">. In most siliciclastic and some<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">carbonate</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">successions it occurs when the rate of creation of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">accommodation</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">space is greater than the rate of sediment supply.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Transgressive
surface</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">(<b>TS</b>) lies over the Lowstand System Tract <b>(LST)</b> and beneath the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">transgressive
systems tract</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><b><span style="background: white;">(TST)</span></b><span style="background: white;"> (Catuneanu, et al, 2011);</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <strong><span style="background: white;"><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Maximum flooding surface</span></a></span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><strong><span style="background: white;">(mfs)</span></strong></span></i><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The mfs marks the bounding surface between
coarsening and/or fining upward<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cycle</span></a><span style="background: white;">s. This commonly widespread zone is often
characterized by the presence of radioactive and often organic rich<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">shale</span></a><span style="background: white;">s,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">glauconite</span></a><span style="background: white;">, hardgrounds and is composed of thin bedded
concentrations of fauna (</span><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">condensed
section</span></a><span style="background: white;">s) with high abundance and
diversity. This surface marks the time of maximum flooding or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">transgression</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">of the shelf and lies beneath the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=410&3"><span style="background: white; color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">highstand
systems tract<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></a><span style="background: white;">(Catuneanu, et al, 2011).</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Dalam proses <i>sequences stratigraphic</i> tidak terlepas
dari pada :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Transgression</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> : Proses permukaan air laut naik menuju daratan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Regression </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> : Proses
Permukaan daratan meluas menuju laut atau permukaan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> air laut menyurut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">acomodation berupa laut atau
sedimentasi lain yang mengalami proses <i>transgression</i>
dan <i>regression</i> secara berulang ulang
pada kurun waktu tertentu, menyebabkan terjadi perbedaan sedimantasi serta
perbedaan <i>facies</i>, <i>lithology</i> dan tentunya waktu
pengendapan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesimpulan
dan Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Setelah melihat
paparan pada beberapa bab diatas maka dapat di simpulkan untuk <i>Structural
and Stratigraphic Interpretations Seismic</i> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kesimpulan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pada tahapan investigasi petroleoum data
Structural dan Stratigraphic sangat memegang peranan penting dalam
menentukan langkah selanjutnya;</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Study</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> yang dilakukan untuk analisa cekungan masih
terbatas terutama untuk offshore, Blok Sula sendiri masih menggunakan data
lama untuk tahapan <i>Play – Lead</i>
dan <i>prospect;</i></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dengan Mengetahui dan Mengerti <i>Structural</i> dan <i>stratigraphic analysis</i> maka perusahaan dapat menekan kerugaian
dari resiko <i>dry hole</i> Atau resiko
resiko lainya;</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Methode Seismic sangat baik untuk sebagai salah
satu pilihan <i>feasibility Study</i>,
di karenakan tingkat keakuratan yang sangat baik dalam menggambarkan <i>subsurface</i> interpretasi,
kemungkinan pitfalls dapat ditekan dengan menggunakan bantuan <i>software</i> khusus;</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Semua kondisi dibawah permukaan bumi mengalami
perubahan dari waktu ke waktu, di karenakan proses geology yang terjadi di
bumi seperti pergerkan lempeng dan juga kondisi reservoir juga kan berubah
jika sudah memasuki fase exploitasi, dikarenaka fluida yang di pompakan
keluar akan menyebakan perubahan pore volume dan juga migrasi fluida. Hal
tersebut terjadi karena adanya gaya tekan antar lapisan batuan “<i>Overbuden Pressure</i>”.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Saran:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Indonesia memeiliki banyak potensi yang belum
di <i>study</i> untuk mencari potensi
cadangan MIGAS, oleh karena itu harapanya agar exploration atau kegiatan
di HULU migas menjadi sorotan yang utama;</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Diperlukan suvey atau study yang berkelanjutan
dikarenakan perubahan lapisan dalam bumi tidak lah konstan tetapi dinamis
dari waktu kewaktu;</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Melibatkan akademisi dan Mahasiswa untuk
project – project <i>study</i> sehingga
Indonesia dapat meregenerasi dan updating keilmuan dibidangang MIGAS khususnya
Di Geofisika.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Info
Detail paper dapat di lihat pada : <a href="https://www.academia.edu/20275522/Structural_and_Stratigraphic_Interpretations_Seismic">https://www.academia.edu/20275522/Structural_and_Stratigraphic_Interpretations_Seismic</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daftar
Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;">Adigun, A., & Ayolabi, E. A. (2013). The Use of Seismic
Attributes to Enhance Structural Interpretation of Z-Field, Onshore Niger
Delta. <i>Climatology & Weather Forecasting</i> .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;">Assaad, F. A. (2009). <i>Field Methods for Petroleum
Geologists.</i> USA: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;">Baker Hughes INTEQ. (1999). <i>Petroleoum Geology, Rev A.</i>
USA: Baker Hughes INTEQ.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;">Foulger, G., & Peirce, C. (n.d.). <i>GEOPHYSICAL METHODS
IN GEOLOGY ( Gravity & Magnectic).</i> Retrieved November 01, 2015, from
Community Durham University:
https://community.dur.ac.uk/g.r.foulger/Teaching/GG_HandoutsAll.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;">Kearey, P., & Michael Brooks, I. H. (2002). <i>An
Introduction To Geophysical Exploration, third edition.</i> United Kingdom:
Blak well Science.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;">Magoon, L. B., & Dow, W. G. (1994). <i>The Petroleoum
System -From Source to Trap.</i> U.S.A: AAPG Memoir 60.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;">PANKHURST, R. J., & al, e. (2005). <i>Sumatra: Geology,
Resources and Tectonic Evolution .</i> London: THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;">PT. Brilliance Energy . (2009). <i>Blok SULA 1.</i> Jakarta:
Geologist PT. Brilliance Energy .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;">SEPM. (2015). <i>SEPM’s stratigraphy web site</i>. Retrieved
December 8, 2015, from Society forSedimentary Geology, SEPM Strata:
http://www.sepmstrata.org/Page.aspx?pageid=1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;">Sumartarto, U. (2015). SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY. <i>Lecture
Presentation, Megister Of Petroleum.</i> Jakarta: Trisakti University.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;">Sumotarto, U. (2015). Prinsip Stratigraphic. <i>Lecture
Presentation Trisakti University.</i> Jakarta: Trisakti University.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-no-proof: yes;">Widianto, E. (2015). Seismic Utiization in Oil and Gas
industries, presentation. <i>Lecture Presentation, FTKE, Trisakti University</i>
.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-47822636207660545062016-01-15T10:43:00.000+07:002016-01-17T20:16:22.278+07:00Pengenalan Applikasi Methode Geofisika Terhadap Petroleum Investigasi<div class="Section1">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt;">
Oleh : Arif Eka Rahmanto</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Geofisika
Exploration merupakan bagian dari kegiatan hulu MIGAS. Sebagai salah satu
methode untuk mencari daerah daerah yang di indikasikan terkandung Hidrocarbon.
Dalam perkembangannya pengaplikasian method ini tidak terbatas pada dunia
MIGAS. Akan tetapi berkembang menjadi berbagai macam tujuan dan kegunaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Didalam Industri
MIGAS banyak sekali applikasi method yang dipergunakan dalam menemukan cadangan
Hydrocarbon. Pemilihan method ini sangat di pengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor
yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keekonomian;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akurasi data yang dihasilkan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lama Waktu;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan <i>Study</i> atau data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
keempat hal tersebut akan sangat mempengaruhi tingkat keberhasilan dalam
menemukan cadangan MIGAS yang diharapkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa
dekade pemerintah Indonesia sedang sangat <i>concern</i>
untuk penemuan cadangan baru untuk memenuhi pasokan dalam negeri yang semakin
menurun. Sehingga sebagai pelaku
dibidang MIGAS industri hendaknya kita tetap mengikuti perkembangan keilmuan
dibidang exploration khususnya geophysica.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peran
Geofisika menjadi salah satu bagian penting dalam proses tersebut, sehingga
diharapkan geophysicist ( Seorang ahli geofisika) dapat menghasilkan sesuatu
yang dapat menujang peningkatan kualitas serta kuantitas sumber daya alam
khususnya dibidang MIGAS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat
8 methode secara umum dalam geofisika, pada bahasan kali ini hanya membahas
beberapa method yang sangat sering digunakan dalam industry MIGAS khususnya di
Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Serta
kaitan method tersebut untuk melakukan tahapan - tahapan investigasi atau
petroleum study yang berkesinambungan. Sehingga harapan kedepan sebagai seorang
tenaga ahli akan dapat menemukan terobosan serta pemikiran baru untuk
kelangsungan industry MIGAS itu sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DASAR
TEORI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. 1 Geofisika<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Geofisika memiliki beberapa definisi beberapa
diantaranya adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu
yang menggunakan metode fisika untuk mempelajari bumi (isi dan lingkungan bumi
serta interaksinya, baik kondisi static dan dinamiknya)(sismanto n.d.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“<i>The science of geophysics applies the
principles of physics to the study of the Earth.Geophysical investigations of
the interior of the Earth involve taking measurements at or near the Earth’s
surface that are influenced by the internal distribution of physical
properties.Analysis of these measurements can reveal how the physical properties
of the Earth’s interior vary vertically and laterally</i>” (Kearey and Michael Brooks 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Geofisika merupakan paduan antara
ilmu geologi dan ilmu fisika,geofisika mencoba mengkaji yang belum terungkap dari
keterbatasan pengamatan langsung geologi dengan cara mengukur dan mengenal
sifat-sifat fisika dengan instrumen tertentu</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">(Yusuf 2012)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sehingga
definisi secara umum adalah geofisika merupakan salah satu cabang dari ilmu
geology yang memadukan beberpa keilmuan diataranya ilmu Fisika dan Geologi itu
sendiri. Lalu terkait keilmuan tersebut maka explorasi geofisika sendiri
memiliki satu tujuan utama yaitu : “<i>Tujuan
utama dari kegiatan eksplorasi geofisika adalah untuk membuat model bawah
permukaan bumi dengan mengandalkan data lapangan yang diukur bisa pada permukaan
bumi atau di bawah permukaan bumi atau bisa juga di atas permukaan bumi dari
ketinggian tertentu. Untuk mencapai tujuan ini, idealnya kegiatan survey atau
pengukuran harus dilakukan secara terus menerus, berkelanjutan dan terintegrasi
menggunakan sejumlah ragam metode geofisika”</i>(Supriyanto
2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peranan
Geofisika dalam tahapan tahapan investigasi petroleoum sangat besar, terutama
pada fase explorasi dan produksi yanag berkesinambungan. Untuk itu beberapa
method yang akan di jabarkan pada subbab tulisan makalah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2 Methode Geofisika<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa
method geofisika yang secara umum sering digunakan untuk mendapatkan data yang
diinginkan. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
kita gambarkan bahwasanya saat ini method yang digunakan dalam explorasi Sumber
daya alam atau pun kegiatan lain yang membutuhkan data tersebut terbagi menjadi
8 macam method yaitu :</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section2">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seismic;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gravity;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Magnetic;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Electrical
resistivity;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Induced
Polarization;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Self-Pontential;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Electromagnetic;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Radar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> pengapplikasian methode geofisika dapat di kelompokan menjadi beberapa
kelompok survey atu applikasi yaitu :</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section4">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
Explorasi MIGAS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
Explorasi Metal <i>Mineral Deposit</i>;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
Bulk Mineral deposits;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
Explorasi <i>Underground water supplies;</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
Enginering <i>construction</i>;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
<i>Study Archeologycal investigatio</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> maka untuk dibidang migas kita dapat menggunakan beberpa method yang effective
yaitu :</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section6">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seismic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gravity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Magnetic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Electromagnetic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section7">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari methode
tersebut yang kita dapat pilih masing masing method memiliki perbandingan
kelemahan serta kekurangan. Hal tersebut sangat bergantung dengan kegunaan data
yang kita inginkan serta tingkat akurasinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3
Geophysical Data <i>Processing<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam Geofisika
pengumpulan data di lapangan atau data observasi sangatlah penting. Data
lapangan / observasi tersebut tidak hanya mengenai sifat fisik akan tetapi
sifat geometry batuan tersebut. Penggabungan dari dua data tersebut yaitu data
fisik batuan dan data geometry lazim kita sebut sebagai model matematika,
dikarenakan data tersebut berupa table angka serta persamaan dan rumus rumus
terkait dalam observasi yang kita lakukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Menurut (Supriyanto
2007) “Maka dengan berdasarkan model matematika itulah, kita bisa
mengekstrak parameter fisis batuan dari data observasi. Proses ini disebut
proses inversi atau istilah asingnya disebut <i>inverse modelling</i>”. Dengan kata lain “Proses inversi adalah suatu
proses pengolahan data lapangan yang melibatkan teknik penyelesaian matematika
dan statistik untuk mendapatkan informasi yang berguna mengenai distribusi
sifat fisis bawah permukaan”(Supriyanto 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> “Sementara proses kebalikannya dimana kita
ingin memperoleh data prediksi hasil pengukuran berdasarkan parameter fisis yang
sudah diketahui, maka proses ini disebut proses forward atau forward modeling”(Supriyanto 2007). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">inverses method </i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">lebih memakan waktu agak
panjang di karenakan proses penghitungan matematika sebagian besar dilakukan di
lapangan secara manual tanpa bantuan model parameter akan tetapi data yang
didapatkan lebih </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">real time</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> pengumpulan data pada geofisika explorasi dapat terbagi menjadi 2 bagian
yaitu data lapangan dan data laboratorium. Dimana kedua data tersebut sangat
berperan untuk menentukan akurasi data yang diinginkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh Karna itu
proses pengolahan data geofisika dapat kita kelompokan menjadi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses Digitalisasi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">adalah suatu
proses merubah data lapangan kedalam bentuk digital dengan methode <i>inverses </i>ataupun <i>forward</i>. <i>“Waveforms of
geophysical interest are generally continuous (analogue) functions of time or
distance.To apply the power of digital computers to the task of analysis,the
data need to be expressed in digital form, whatever the form in which they were
originally recorded”</i>(Kearey and Michael
Brooks 2002)<i>.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spectral Analysis atau Spectrum analysis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut (Peterson 2014) Spectrum/ Spectral adalah : “<i>An array of sine waves of differing
frequencies and amplitudes and properly related with respect to phase that,
taken as a whole, constitute a particular time-domain signal</i>”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelombang
ferkuensi sinus dan amplitude berkaitan dengan fase yang berbeda, akan tetapi
secara keseluruhan merupakan sinyal waktu domain tertentu. Kita membutuhkan
sebuah alat yang dapat menerjemahkan
atau memproses data spectrum tersebu disebut “Spectrum Analyzer”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Spectrum
analyzer: A device that effectively performs a Fourier transform and displays
the individual spectral components (sine waves) that constitute a time-domain
signal. Phase may or may not be preserved, depending upon the analyzer type and
design”.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">(Peterson 2014)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan tetapi <i>Spectrum </i>analisis sangat tergantung
besar kecilnya <i>“noise”</i> gangguan pada
saat data di proses. Semakin besar noise maka akan semakin mengurangi tingkat
akurasi data tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wave Processing<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada prinsipnya menggunakan
konvolusi dan dekonvolusi, serta beberapa korelasi membentuk dasar umum bagi
banyak methode pengolahan data geofisika. Menurut pendapat beberapa ahli
mengenai konvolusi dan dekonvolusi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Convolution
( (Kearey and Michael Brooks 2002);Kanasewich
1981) “is a mathematical operation defining the change of shape of a waveform
resulting from its passage through a filter”</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Deconvolution
or inverse filtering ( (Kearey and Michael Brooks
2002);Kanasewich 1981) is a process that counteracts a previous
convolution (or filtering) action. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan pendapat
diatas maka<i> deconvolution</i> dapat juga
sebagai filter dari <i>convolution.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan <i>Cross
Correlation</i> adalah “<i>Cross-correlationof
two digital waveforms involves crossmultiplication of the individual waveform
elements and summation of the cross-multiplication products over the common
time interval of the waveforms</i>”(Kearey and
Michael Brooks 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permodelan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
semua proses data sudah lengkap maka terakhir adalah proses modeling atau
permodelan. Banyak sekali permodelan dalam geophysica terdiri dari 2-dimensi,
3-dimensi, yang terbaru adalah 4-dimensi. Permodelan ini sangat bergantung pada
data, akurasi serta method yang kita gunakan untuk memprosesnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permodelan
geofisika secara garis besar semua data hasil geofisika dapat kita umpamakan
seperti “tomography” yaitu “<i>The word
tomography comes from the Greek tomos meaning section or slice”</i>(Scales and MArtin L. Smith 2001)<i>. </i> Sehingga tomography model dapat dikatakan
sebagai permodelan yang berasal dari beberapa proses data dan membentuk
potongan potongan yang bersatu membentuk sebuah model grafik 2 Dimensi, 3
dimensi atau bahkan 4 Dimensi<i>.</i></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SEISMIC<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1
Pengertian Seismic<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Merupakan salah
satu metode eksplorasi hidrokarbon yang didasarkan pada pengukuran gelombang
reaksi balik suara yang sengaja dikirim ke bawah permukaan tanah. Sumber suara
bisa berasal dari palu besar (sledgehammer), getaran (vibration) yang berasal
dari kendaraan khusus, atau ledakan dinamit”(Yusuf
2012).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seismic dapat
menghasilkan data cukup akurat. Sehinga method ini dapat digunakan di MIGAS
industri. Dalam permodelan data seismic
dapat menghasilkan variasi model resevoar 2 D, 3 D, 4D tergantung dari resevoar
properties yang kita miliki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam melakukan
proses <i>resources play</i> sering kali
seismic digunakan sebagai salah satu bahan pertimbangan yang sangat baik untuk
resevoar team dalam memtuskan cadangan untuk memasuki tahapan petroleoum
investigasi proses <i>Lead – Prospect</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara umum
sumber seismic dapat di kelompokan menjadi 2 macam yaitu : Terjadi secara alami
dan buatan. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2
Tiori dan Mekanisme Kerja Seismic<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seismic suvey
secara dasar adalah menggunakan vibrasi atau pantual akustic (nada atau Sonar)
sehingga ketika mengenai batuan dan kembali ditangkap dengan alat penerima maka
dapat menghasilkan data yang di inginkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan kata lain
seismic menghitung percepatan velocity dari rambatan akustic yang di pancarkan
dari sumber lalu diterima di alat penerima,
“<i>Two Way Travel Time</i>” (TWT)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">”<i>The formal solution of this physical problem
was derived early in the 20th century,and the resulting equations are named the
Zoeppritz equations (Zoeppritz 1919; and for explanation of derivations see
Sheriff & Geldart 1982)”source ;</i>(Kearey
and Michael Brooks 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“it
is possible to estimate the reflection coefficient from velocity information
alone (Gardner et al.1974,Meckel & Nath 1977):beR =0.625ln (v1/ v2 )”
Source </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">(Kearey and Michael Brooks 2002)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari proses
pengolahan data menggunkan data inverses atau data spectrumserta mengurangi <i>noise </i>yang ada pada waktu data terekam,
maka dapat dihasilkan model seismic dengan 2 Dimensi seperti</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap data
seismic memiliki 3 geometrycal factor yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Factor
alam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Posisi
dari <i>shot point</i> dan <i>receive point</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subsurface reflection</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
atau pantulan dibawah permukaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal tersebut didasari oleh tiory dari (Kearey and Michael Brooks 2002)</span><i>“</i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Each
seismic trace has three primary geometrical factors which determine its
nature.Two of these are the shot position and the receiver position.The third,
and perhaps most critical, is the position of the subsurface reflection point”.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain dari ketiga hal diatas <i>Noise</i> atau gangguan pada signal sangat
berpengaruh juga dalam menentukan kualitas data seismic sehingga menjadi
concern tersendiri dalam filtering data</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Hasil akhir pada
display dapat ditampilkan apakah sudah memenuhi persyaratan </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">petroleoum system </i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">secara 2 Dimensi </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">yang telah di </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">filtering.</i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seismic juga
dapat menghasikan 3 Dimensi menambahkan parameter volume data dengan sehingga
kita dapat mengetahui migrasi fluida dan juga OWC <i>( Oil Water Contac</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut (Kearey and Michael Brooks 2002) :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“The
product of three-dimensional seismic surveying is a volume of data (Fig. 4.38,
Plate 4.1) representing reflection coverage from an area of each subsurface
reflector. From this reflection data volume, conventional two-dimensional seismic
sections may be constructed not only along the actual shot lines and recording
lines employed but also along any other vertical slice through the data volume.
Hence, seismic sections may be simulated for any azimuth across the survey area
by taking a vertical slice through the data volume,and this enables optimal
two-dimensional representation of any recorded structural features”</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“The manipulation of data volumes
obtained from three Seismic dimensional surveys is carried out at computer work
stations using software routines that enable seismic sections and time slices
to be displayed as required. Automatic event picking and contouring are also
facilitated (Brown 1986)”</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Source ;(Kearey and Michael Brooks 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“In general, the seismic tool is
useful in a time-lapse mode as a check on the validity of the assumptions in a
reservoir simulation of fluid flow. Because seismic monitoring is more
spatially specific than pressure monitoring, estimation and extraction of
reserves can be optimized over time by using the seismic to guide detailed simulations
of depletion and to resolve contradictions between the seismic and the
reservoir model. In general, the incorporation of time-lapse seismic results
prompt model updates that usually improve production history matches</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">”(Chief Geophysicist forum 2011).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
proses computer secara otomatis dapat memproses data yang di inginkan kedalam 3
dimensi dengan menambahkan <i>vertical
sliceby slice</i> sehingga dapat didapatkan volume. Bahkan bukan tidak mungkin
dapat menghasilkan 4 Dimensi permodelan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">mekanisme permodelan 3
dimensi dalam mendapatkan Volume dimensi dengan menambahkan extension</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">random
section</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">, </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">recording line</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> serta
beberapa parameter berdasarkan </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">horizontal
line</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> yaitu </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">time slice</i></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB IV<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GRAVITY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Gravity<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara umum definisi
dari gravity adalah suatu fenomena alam yang berhubungan dengan massa dan gaya
tarik bumi. “<i><span style="background: white;">is a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></i></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_phenomenon" title="Natural phenomenon"><i><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">natural
phenomenon</span></i></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></span><i><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">by which all things with<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass" title="Mass"><i><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mass</span></i></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></span><i><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">are brought towards (or 'gravitate' towards) one
another including stars, planets, galaxies and even light and sub-atomic
particles”</span></i><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(Wikipedia
2015)</span><i><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sedangkan methode survey gravity pada
geofisika adalah suatu aktifitas pengambilan atau pengukuran data terhadap
anomaly densitas/ massa yang terjadi, pada satu atau lebih titik survey,
sehingga semua hasil pengukuran akan menujukan suatu permodelan yang
diinginkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">“<i>Gravity Survey - Measurements of the
gravitational field at a series of different locations over an area of
interest. The objective in exploration work is to associate variations with
differences in the distribution of densities and hence rock types.(Definition
from the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Exploration Geophysics by R. E. Sheriff,
published by the Society of Exploration Geophysics</i>“(Carigali 2004)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tiori dan Mekanisme
Kerja Gravity<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar pengukur dari gravity, dapat di kelommpokan menjadi 3 dasar
pengukuran secara umum :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Falling Body Measurement;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendulum Measurements;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mass On Spring Measurement.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Parameter yang digunakan dasar pengukuran ini adalah waktu, g
(gravitasi), Jarak, Massa lalu dengan penambahan konstanta terkait dengan
applikasi dari pengukuran tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara umum methode gravity menggunakan rumus dasar dari hukum
Newton.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> gambaran umumGravity Methode pengaruh gravitasi fenomena dengan anomali (perbedaan/deviasi dari keadaan
standart/normal) yang terjadi dengan asumsi gravitasi rata 9.81 m/</span><span style="line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><v:shape equationxml="<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
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w:val="24"/></w:rPr><m:t>2</m:t></m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath></m:oMathPara></w:p><w:sectPr wsp:rsidR="00000000"><w:pgSz w:w="12240" w:h="15840"/><w:pgMar w:top="1440" w:right="1440" w:bottom="1440" w:left="1440" w:header="720" w:footer="720" w:gutter="0"/><w:cols w:space="720"/></w:sectPr></w:body></w:wordDocument>" id="_x0000_i1051" style="height: 16.5pt; width: 11.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\ARIFEK~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Terlihat perbedaan dari Geoid (
garis pantai) dengan anomali yang terjadi sebagai effect dari perputaran bumi
atau gaya tarik bumi pada suatu tempat tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maka menurut (Foulger and Peirce n.d.) hubungan densitas dengan rotasi bumi
adalah : <i>“The Earth is inhomogeneous and
it rotates. Rotation causes the Earth to be an oblate spheroid with an
eccentricity 1/298. The polar radius of the Earth is ~ 20 km less than the
equatorial radius, which means that g is ~ 0.4% less at equator than pole. At
the equator, g is ~ 5300 mGal (milliGals), and a person would weigh ~ 1 lb less
than at the pole”. </i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
pengukuran gravity survey unit satuan yang digunakan adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Galileo”
atau GAL yaitu : 1 Gal (after Galileo) = 1 cm s-2, dengan demikian g (pada saat
di permukaan bumi adalah </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>QUOTE </span><span style='position:relative;
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Gals. Untuk anomali secara umum dapat di ukur
dengan unit miliGal. 1mGal = </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>QUOTE </span><span style='position:relative;
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w:val="24"/></w:rPr><m:t>2</m:t></m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath></m:oMathPara></w:p><w:sectPr wsp:rsidR="00000000"><w:pgSz w:w="12240" w:h="15840"/><w:pgMar w:top="1440" w:right="1440" w:bottom="1440" w:left="1440" w:header="720" w:footer="720" w:gutter="0"/><w:cols w:space="720"/></w:sectPr></w:body></w:wordDocument>" id="_x0000_i1067" style="height: 16.5pt; width: 11.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\ARIFEK~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Oleh karna itu menurut (Carigali 2004) mGal gravitay survey terhadap
gravitasi bumi adalah : “<i>the earth's
gravitational acceleration is ~ 9.8 m/s2 or equivalently ~980,000 mgal.”</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mendapatkan parameter dari
gravity secara umum dapat menggunakan alat Gravimeter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Gravity
meters, usually called gravimeters, are sensitive to 0.01 mGal = </span></i><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>QUOTE </span><span style='position:relative;
top:5.5pt;mso-text-raise:-5.5pt'><v:shape id="_x0000_i1068" type="#_x0000_t75"
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wsp:val="00C17803"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00C34631"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00C46218"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00C47744"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00C50D8C"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00C6081F"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00C75A83"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00C907F6"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00CB7EAE"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00CC6874"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00CE0896"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00CE2C92"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00CE2CA9"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00CE6724"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00CE6A51"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00CE74D0"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00CF2B9D"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00CF6F69"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00D07159"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00D36623"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00D41C89"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00D56A5B"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00D57D55"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00D64252"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00D744BA"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00D76076"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00D86E68"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00D9296A"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00D9326F"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00DA0BE1"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00DA44D7"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00DA4DC7"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00DB236B"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00DC1B90"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00DE400A"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00DE7F20"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00DF1268"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00DF2ADE"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00E203E6"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00E20591"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00E21F0B"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00E248B2"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00E30AFB"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00E317DA"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00E326BD"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00E40C0D"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00E50FEF"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00E57622"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00E61634"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00E63651"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00E70249"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00E73CAE"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00EA0B1E"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00EA1711"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00EA225E"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00EC1FB3"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00ED347C"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00ED58A7"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00EF449B"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00EF5EB8"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00F151DE"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00F17907"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00F17D8C"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00F23306"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00F46E72"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00F61950"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00F638AB"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00F65E68"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00F718BF"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00F95372"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00FA4813"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00FA7966"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00FA7FD2"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00FB1880"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00FB7260"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00FE6919"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00FF0C06"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00FF4E40"/></wsp:rsids></w:docPr><w:body><w:p wsp:rsidR="00000000" wsp:rsidRDefault="00595567"><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr><w:rPr><w:rFonts w:ascii="Cambria Math" w:h-ansi="Cambria Math"/><wx:font wx:val="Cambria Math"/><w:sz w:val="24"/><w:sz-cs w:val="24"/></w:rPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r><w:rPr><w:rFonts w:ascii="Cambria Math" w:h-ansi="Cambria Math"/><wx:font wx:val="Cambria Math"/><w:i/><w:sz w:val="24"/><w:sz-cs w:val="24"/></w:rPr><m:t>10</m:t></m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r><w:rPr><w:rFonts w:ascii="Cambria Math" w:h-ansi="Cambria Math"/><wx:font wx:val="Cambria Math"/><w:i/><w:sz w:val="24"/><w:sz-cs w:val="24"/></w:rPr><m:t>-8</m:t></m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath></m:oMathPara></w:p><w:sectPr wsp:rsidR="00000000"><w:pgSz w:w="12240" w:h="15840"/><w:pgMar w:top="1440" w:right="1440" w:bottom="1440" w:left="1440" w:header="720" w:footer="720" w:gutter="0"/><w:cols w:space="720"/></w:sectPr></w:body></w:wordDocument>" id="_x0000_i1069" style="height: 16.5pt; width: 24.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\ARIFEK~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i>of
the Earth’s total value”</i>(Foulger and Peirce
n.d.)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seiring perkembangan zaman dan
kemajuan technology maka banyak sekali <i>improvement
</i>terhadap gravitymeter terutama untuk mendapatkan hasil yang baik serta <i>calibration</i> alat yang <i>precise. </i>Akan sangat mempengaruhi
pengolahan data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2.1
Pengelompokan pengukuran Gravity<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran gravity menurut kondisi
daerah dapat dikelompokan menjadi 2 macam yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran yang dilakukan di darat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran
yang dilakukan di permukaan Bumi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 40.5pt 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran
ini memiliki <i>precision</i> sekitar 0,010
mGal, membutuhkan skill serta handling yang baik terhadap penggunaan alat
gravimeter tersebut. Utuk gravimeter yang digunakan terdapat 2 type, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 40.5pt 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stable </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gravimeter : menggunakan perinsip keseimbangan antara gaya
gravitasi dengan massa. Memiliki persamaan rumus :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>F=
k(x−xo)= mg<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Xo =
Panjang pegas tanpa beban<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">X =
Panjang pegas dengan beban<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">K =
Konstanta gaya pegas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan persamaan tersebut dapat
di applikasikan pada <i>absolute gravimeter.
</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
gambar 4.25 merupakan basic skematik dari <i>absolute
gravimeter</i>, untuk handling alat tersebut memang membutuhkan perhatian yang
lebih khusus, di karenakan tingkat akurasi yang sangat tinggi. Terlebih lagi
pada interior didalam alat tersebut terutama pada <i>coil </i>sebagai alat pengukur <i>anomali
density,</i> Untuk menyetabilkan alat ini dibutuhkan tripod pada sekitar casing
alat pengukur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 79.05pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Unstable
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gravimetri
: proses pengambilan pegukuran data dengan menggunakan system mekanikal dengan
meningkatkan g (gaya gravitasi) gaya tersebut menyebabkan perpanjangan pada
pegas, akan tetapi expansi atau peningkatan gaya tersebut berasal dari
mekanikal geometry.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> terdapat 2 macam alat gravimeter yang stabil platform dengan </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">presicion</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 10 microgallileo atau 0,010
mGal. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Pada
dasarnya skematic dari kedua alat diatas memeiliki persamaan, yang membedakan
hanya tingkat akurasi dan proses pengambilan data, yakni dilakukan secara
manual atau dengan computasi atau dengan bantuan </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">computer on site.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 79.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 79.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">2<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Di Dalam sumur atau <i>subsurface</i> gravity</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 79.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 79.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran yang
dilakukan didalam sumur, pengukuran gravity didalam sumur pertama kali
dilakukan pada tahun 1960’s. Pada
pengukuran ini memiliki akurasu sekitar 0,010mGal yang sangat berpengaruh pada
pengukuran ini adalah gradient temperature di bawah permukaan bumi. Beberapa
alat bore hole gravity dapat bekerja pada temperature 101</span><span style="font-family: "Segoe UI Symbol","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">°</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 79.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 79.05pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<v:shape id="Picture_x0020_65" o:borderbottomcolor="black" o:borderleftcolor="black" o:borderrightcolor="black" o:bordertopcolor="black" o:spid="_x0000_i1072" style="height: 271.5pt; visibility: visible; width: 380.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\ARIFEK~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.png">
<w:bordertop type="single" width="8">
<w:borderleft type="single" width="8">
<w:borderbottom type="single" width="8">
<w:borderright type="single" width="8">
</w:borderright></w:borderbottom></w:borderleft></w:bordertop></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran
gravity dengan Platform khusus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Survey Di laut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat
2 methode untuk pegukuran gravity dilaut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo13; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dengan menurunkan alat pengukur kedasar lautan
( akurasi -0,10 mGal)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo13; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat pengukur ada diatas kapal ( akurasi
– 0,2mGal)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
point a sudah jarang digunakan karena sangat mahal dan juga untuk pengolahan
datanya memang banyak sekali factor kallibrasi. Yang sering digunakan adalah
pada poin b <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar
4.28 terlihat gravimeter dynamic yang sering digunakan untuk pengukuran gravity
di laut ataupun udara, Dengan akurasi – 1 sampai 5 mGal. Cukup memakan banyak
ruang untuk peralatanya sendiri. Akan tetapi cakupan area pengukuran lebih
besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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</w:borderright></w:borderbottom></w:borderleft></w:bordertop></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Survey di udara (airbone survey)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran
gravity dengan menggunakan bantuan pesawat, balon udara, ataupun model
transportasi yang dapat di operasikan di udara terbuka. Tingakat akurasi
1-5mGal. Dengan bantuan GPS ( <i>Global
Positioning System</i>) area cakupan survey dapat dilakukan dengan sangat
cepat, dapat menjadi salah satu method survey secara regional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan tetapi
untuk presicion dari data yang dihasilkan harus di confirmasi dengan data
pengukuran di darat.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
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</w:borderright></w:borderbottom></w:borderleft></w:bordertop></v:imagedata></v:shape><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran
di ruang angkasa <i>( Spaces measurements)<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran ini
mengunakan stelite, pengukuran yang dilakukan dari ruang angkas terhadap
permukaan bumi dengan mengukur juga variasi ketinggian satelit diatas permukaan
laut, atau disebut juga radar altimetry yaitu “<i>Determining the gravity field of the Earth from space involves measuring
the height of a satellite above sea level”</i>(Foulger
and Peirce n.d.)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">atelite
yang biasa digunakan untuk pengukuran ini sejak tahun 1978 adalah<i> “Skylab (which currently has “mission
completed” status), GEOS3, SEASAT, Geosat, ERS1 and ERS2”</i>(Foulger and Peirce n.d.)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Diantara satellite tersebut yang paling baik
menghasilkan data adalah SEASAT. Rata
ketinggian orbit dari satellite tersebut adalah 800 Km, melakukan 14
kali putaran/hari dan mencovere 95 % permukaan bumi.</span></div>
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</w:borderright></w:borderbottom></w:borderleft></w:bordertop></v:imagedata></v:shape><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2.2<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengolahan
data pada gravity ( <i>Gravity Reduction</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebelum
dilakukanya proses pengambilan data dilapangan perlu dilakukan calibration atau
koreksi dengan berbagai variasi di permukaan bumi. Menurut (Kearey and Michael Brooks 2002) “<i>Before the results of a gravity survey can
be interpreted it is necessary to correct for all variations in the Earth’s
gravitational field which do not result from the differences of density in the
underlying rocks</i>”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat
2 faktor utama dalam koreksi dan calibration data pada gravity, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Temporal
Variasi adalah Variasi/ anomali data yang disebabkan keadaan lingkungan atau
lat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intrument
drift</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">adalah anomali pada alat yang terjadi karena kondisi
alat tersebut, umur alat, perwatan alat dsb.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo17; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidal
affect </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">adalah anomali pada data yang terjadi akibat oleh
alam yaitu, gaya tarik matahari/ bulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spatial
Variasin adalah anomali / variasi dikarenakan perubahan tempat / posisi pada
titik pengukuran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo17; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latitude Variasi ( Ketinggian);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo17; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Elevation Variasi;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo17; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Slab Effect</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan
yang terjadi akibat perubahan ketinggian dengan<i> Geoid ( Elevation & datum);<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Topographic Effect, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sepertiadanya
lembahan atau kondisi bentuk penammpang pada titik pengambilan data.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
penjabaran 2 poin diatas maka secara umum proses koreksi memiliki beberpa type
koreksi data dalam pengolahan data menurut (Carigali
2004) dan(Foulger and Peirce n.d.)
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Observed
Gravity (gobs) Y</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aitu pembacaan data operator yang telah
di koreksi dengan data instrument drift dan pasang surut air laut<i>.;<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latitude
Correction (gn)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaitu proses turunan dari gobs, untuk
mendapatkan data ketinggian.Dapat dirumuskan<i>
:<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gn
= 978031.85 (1.0 + 0.005278895 sin2(lat) + 0.000023462 sin4(lat)) (mgal)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lat
= Lattitude<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Free
Air Corrected Gravity (gfa) yaitu proses perubahan keadaan udara ketika terjadi
perubahan ketinggian, dapat dirumuskan;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gfa = gobs - gn+ 0.3086h (mgal)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> h
= </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ketinggian
(meter)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bouguer
Slab Corrected Gravity (gb) yaitu koreksi data yang dilakukan terhadap massa di
bawah point atau titik pengukuran dengan menggunakan data ketinggian dan Datum
( geoid) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b><i>GB =
gobs - gn + 0.3086h - 0.04193r h (mgal) <o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> r
= Rata rata densitas batuan yang berada pada titik pengukuran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terrain Corrected Bouguer Gravity
(gt)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
yaitu koreksi yang dilakukan sebagai
akibat perubahan pada daerah topographi titik pengukuran seperti lembahan.
Dapat dirumuskan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b><i>gt =
gobs - gn + 0.3086h - 0.04193r h + TC (mgal)
<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> TC
= nilai yang didapatdari computasi topographi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidal
correction Yaitu “koreksi yang dilakukan
terhadap pasang surut air laut, biasanya koreksi ini berpengaruh pada data
sekitar – 0.3 mGal”</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">(Foulger and Peirce
n.d.)</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
rumus umum yang digunakan menurut(Francist n.d.)<i> :<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>gst= gs + t<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gst= gravitasi terkoreksi pasang surut (tidal)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gs= gravitasi pada pebacaan alat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">t= nilai terkoreksi pasang surut (tidal)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rock
density</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">(Foulger and Peirce n.d.)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Koreksi
yang dilakukan terhadap berat batuan rata rata pada titik pengukuran<i>.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Isostatic
Anomali </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">(Foulger and Peirce n.d.)</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Yaitu </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">koreksi
yang dilakukan terhadap<i> geological effect
low density </i>dari lapisan sepertiAfrican Rift, ocean ridges, tektonik plate<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Isostatic anomaly = Bouguer anomaly - predicted effect of the root<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">–ve
isostatic anomaly = unexpected mass deficiency (i.e., too much root) <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">+ve
isostatic anomaly = insufficient root<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<v:shape id="Picture_x0020_41" o:borderbottomcolor="black" o:borderleftcolor="black" o:borderrightcolor="black" o:bordertopcolor="black" o:spid="_x0000_i1078" style="height: 225pt; visibility: visible; width: 335.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</w:borderright></w:borderbottom></w:borderleft></w:bordertop></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk tambahan data koreksi seperti yang dijelaskan
sebelumnya pada poin “g”,yang mempengaruhi proses data gravity adalah<i>rock density. </i>Dengan mengetahui rata
rata <i>density</i> batuan maka kita juga
dapat menginterprestasikan batuan yang terdapat di bawah lapisan dengan
mengetahui nilai <i>density </i>masing
masing jenis batuan.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
gambar 4.34 sangat jelas terlihat rata rata density batuan adalah 1,5 – 3.2
g/cc, terbagi menjadi beberpa type batuan seperti : <i>Unconsolide</i>, Sediment, Igneous, metamorphic,mineral ores yang lain
seperti minyak 0,6 – 0,9 Mg/ </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
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wsp:val="00F638AB"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00F65E68"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00F718BF"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00F95372"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00FA4813"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00FA7966"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00FA7FD2"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00FB1880"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00FB7260"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00FE6919"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00FF0C06"/><wsp:rsid wsp:val="00FF4E40"/></wsp:rsids></w:docPr><w:body><w:p wsp:rsidR="00000000" wsp:rsidRDefault="00132B8B"><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr><w:rPr><w:rFonts w:ascii="Cambria Math" w:h-ansi="Cambria Math"/><wx:font wx:val="Cambria Math"/><w:sz w:val="24"/><w:sz-cs w:val="24"/></w:rPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r><w:rPr><w:rFonts w:ascii="Cambria Math" w:h-ansi="Cambria Math"/><wx:font wx:val="Cambria Math"/><w:i/><w:sz w:val="24"/><w:sz-cs w:val="24"/></w:rPr><m:t>m</m:t></m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r><w:rPr><w:rFonts w:ascii="Cambria Math" w:h-ansi="Cambria Math"/><wx:font wx:val="Cambria Math"/><w:i/><w:sz w:val="24"/><w:sz-cs w:val="24"/></w:rPr><m:t>3</m:t></m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath></m:oMathPara></w:p><w:sectPr wsp:rsidR="00000000"><w:pgSz w:w="12240" w:h="15840"/><w:pgMar w:top="1440" w:right="1440" w:bottom="1440" w:left="1440" w:header="720" w:footer="720" w:gutter="0"/><w:cols w:space="720"/></w:sectPr></w:body></w:wordDocument>" id="_x0000_i1080" style="height: 16.5pt; width: 15.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, air 1.0 -1.05 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mg/</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
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<w:borderbottom type="single" width="12">
<w:borderright type="single" width="12">
</w:borderright></w:borderbottom></w:borderleft></w:bordertop></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
poin poin diatas masih banyak lagi beberapa method dan koreksi yang dilakukan
untuk menunjang akurasi data yang di hasilkan. Sedangkan pada proses
pengambilan data lapangan seccara umum
sesuai dengan <i>prosedure</i>, Terdapat 3
proses pengambilan data :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran
berdasarkan station / titik ukur;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran
berdasarkan lebih dari satu station/ titik ukur;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan
pengukuran kembali tiap station / titik ukur kurang lebih setiap 2 jam atau
lebih tergantung data yang ingin didapatkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2.3<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
prosedurPengukuran Gravity SecaraUmum<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan<i> procedure</i> yang biasanya sering
digunakan secara umum yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penentuan tujuan, maksud area dari dilakukanya gravity;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat akurasi yang diinginkan,
tergantung data yang diharapkan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencari / Mengkalibrasi data “correction
data”;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo15; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Temporal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo15; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spatial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan pengambilan data lapangan
berdasarkan rencana yang telah dibuat;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengolah data (<i>Gravity bouger Anomali</i>);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendapatkan analisa Spectrum;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filtering & Horizontal Gradient;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo15; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Regional Anomali<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo15; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Depth of mantel<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo15; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Deconvolution<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo15; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Residual anomali<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Density Distribution;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Basin configuration;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Modeling.</span></i></div>
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</w:borderright></w:borderbottom></w:borderleft></w:bordertop></v:imagedata></v:shape><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2.4<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Permodelan Pada Gravity<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah kita menjabarkan tiori dan
proses dalam pengolahan data maka untuk permodelan pada gravity sangat
bergantung pada koreksi data lapangan serta tingkat akurasi peralatan yang
digunakan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
meminimalisir kesalahan interpretasi object maka kita dapat menggunakan </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gravity inversion</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> kita dapat mengubah
data anomali menjadi sebuah data structur geology. </span></div>
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</w:borderright></w:borderbottom></w:borderleft></w:bordertop></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2.5<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelebihan
dan Kekurangan Gravity Methode<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari sekian
banyak meyhode geofisika explorasi maka kita dapat membandingkan method
explorasi dengan menggunakan gravity method dengan method geofisika pada
umumnya. Sehingga dengan mengetahui perbandingan tersebut kita dapat memilih
method yang paling tepat untuk melakukan tahapan investigasi atau <i>study</i> petroleoum.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB V<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PETROLEUM INVESTIGASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.1
Gambaran Umum Petroleoum Investigasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Petroleoum
investigasi atau lebih dikenal dengan tahapan tahapan dalam dunia perminyakan
yang berkaitan dengan kegiatan explorasi dan exploitasi. Yang pada akhirnya
menjadi sebuah project <i>Plan Of
Development (POD)</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara garis
besar petroleoum investigasi terbagi menjadi 4 Pokok phase exploration menurut (Magoon and Dow 1994) Yaitu :</span></div>
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<i style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><i style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedimentary Basin;</span></i></div>
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<i style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><i style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Petroleoum System;</span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Play;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prospect<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span></i>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">umum petroleoum system sangat memperhatikan aspek
keekonomian, pada tahap penyaringan serta pengolahan data ( <i>Sediment Basin dan Petroleum system</i>)
nilai ke ekonomian tidak terlalu menjadi bahan pertimbangan, akan tetapi ketika
masa memulai explorasi untuk pembuktian cadangan ( <i>Play–Lead, Prospect</i>) maka factor ke ekonomian sangat berpengaruh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan
tetapi seiring perkembangan technology yang di ikuti perkembangan pemikiran,
maka dari 4 Poin diatas berkembang menjadi 7 poin tahapan investigasi 3 poin
tambahan termasuk phase pengembangan lapangan dan produksi, yaitu :</span></div>
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<i style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><i style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedimentary Basin;</span></i></div>
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<i style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><i style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Petroleoum System;</span></i></div>
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<i style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><i style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Play;</span></i></div>
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<i style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><i style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prospect;</span></i></div>
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<div class="Section10">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Delination;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Development;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Production<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada bab bagian
akhir dari tulisan ini maka ada beberapa kesimpulan serta saran yang didapat
terkait penjabaran materi pada bab – bab sebelumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">±<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan
secara umum :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan methode dan keilmuan
geofisika sangatlah dinamis, ini dibuktikan dengan kemampuan suatu alat yang
dapat memberikan permodelan sangat bervariasi dimulai dari 2 dimensi, 3 Dimensi,
sampai dengan 4 dimensi;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penentuan Methode geofisika explorasi
yang digunakan sangat tergantung pada data yang diingikan serta kemapuan sebuah
perusahaan untuk mempersiapkan hal tersebut;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Methode Gravity cendrung dipilih untuk
awal explorasi bahkan sampai dengan fase Development & producksi,
dikarenakan memang lebih murah dalam segi biaya, kemampuanya juga tidak kalah
jauh dengan method yang lainya. Akan tetapi juga pastinya memiliki keterbatasan
dan di perlukan komparasi data lainya;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Methode
Seismic yang lazim digunakan sangat akurat dan mampu menampilkan 4 D data yang
cukup baik, akan tetapi dari segi biaya <i>relative</i>
lebih mahal. Keunggulannya kita dapa mengetahui permodelan di subsurface <i>real time</i> dan dengan tingkat <i>noise</i> yang rendah;<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
7 tahapan investigasi semua method geofisika dapat di applikasikan dengan baik,
serta memberikan kualitas data yang cukup bagus;<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
Tahapan <i>Play – Lead – prospect</i>
sangat perlu di perhatikan untuk estimasi kemungkinan atau probability sebuah
lapangan di tinjau dari sisi ekonomisnya.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">±<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran
Secara Umum :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level2 lfo34; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlu pengembangan untuk menggunkan methode
gravity di karenakan nilai ke ekonomian project yang cukup baik dan juga
akurasi yang dihasilkan sudah cukup baik pula.;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level2 lfo34; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlu dilakukan study kemungkinan sebuah
lapangan ketika lapangan tersebut baru berproduksi sampai masa tertentu,
sehingga kita dapat mengetahui<i>performance</i>
dari sebuah lapangan dengan baik.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><u>Untuk detail paper dapat di klik </u></b>:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_2086226346"> </a></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/20276758/Pengenalan_Applikasi_Methode_Geofisika_Terhadap_Petroleum_Investigasi">https://www.academia.edu/20276758/Pengenalan_Applikasi_Methode_Geofisika_Terhadap_Petroleum_Investigasi</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Bal, Oya Tarhan, and
Ibrahim Kara. "3-D Gravity modeling of basins with vertical prisms:
Application to Salt Lake region (Turkey)." <i>JOURNAL OF THE BALKAN
GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY</i>, 2010: Vol. 15, No. 1, March 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Bishop, Michele G. <i>SOUTH
SUMATRA BASIN PROVINCE, INDONESIA: THE LAHAT/TALANG AKAR-CENOZOIC TOTAL
PETROLEUM SYSTEM.</i> Open-File Report 99-50-S, Denver, Colorado: Consultant,
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Carlsen, G M, A P
Simeonov, and S N Apak. "PETROLEUM SYSTEMS AND EXPLORATION POTENTIAL IN
THE OFFICER BASIN, WESTERN AUSTRALIA." <i>dmp.wa.gov.au.</i> 2002.
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Glegola, Marcin Albert
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Borman, Peter.
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Borman, Peter, and
Domenico Di Giacomo Siegfried Wendt. "Seismic Source And Source
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Carigali, Geofizik.
" Gravity Methode." <i>Course ES 304, Geophysical Prospecting.</i>
Melbourne, Australia: University Of Melbourne, 2004.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Chief Geophysicist
forum. "Geophysical Application-Using Geophysics for Hydrocarbon Reserves
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Claer bout, John F. <i>Fundamental
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Deming, David. "Overburden Rock, Temperature, and Heat
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Doust , Harry . " The Exploration Play - What Do We Mean
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">12.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Foulger, G.R, and C. Peirce. "GEOPHYSICAL METHODS IN
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">13.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Francist, Extivanus K. "Metode Gravity Gaya Berat dalam
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">14.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Huri, Ahmad Zaman. "Geofisika & Methode Methodenya."
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">15.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Idral, Alanda. "Penerapan Methode Exploration Geofisika
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">16.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Ishimwe, Donatien. "petroleum systems and elements of
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">18.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Ludin petroleoum. "Definition ." <i>Ludin
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">19.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Magoon, B. Leslie, and Wallace G Dow. "The Petroloeum
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">20.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Martakusumah, Rocky, and Dkk Wahyu Srigutomo. "Gravity
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">21.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Mubarak, Al-Hajeri Matlak, and Mariam Al Saeed. "Basin
and Petroleum System Modeling." <i>Oilfield Review Summer,Schlumberger</i>,
2009: Oilfield Review Summer 2009: 21, no. 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">22.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Mussett, A.E. & Khan, M. Geo 4210. "Looking into the
Earth –. An Introduction to Geological Geophysics.( Presentation)." <i>Cambridge.
University Press.</i> 2000. http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/matnat/geofag/GEO4211/h06/undervisningsmateriale/Geophysical_methods.pdf
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">23.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Oppliger, Gary L. "Oppliger GEOL 493." <i>University
of Nevada.</i> n.d.
http://crack.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/492/oppliger/Gravity_glo-jnl.ppt.pdf
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">24.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">PANKHURST, R J, and et al. <i>Sumatra: Geology, Resources and
Tectonic Evolution .</i> GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY MEMOIRS NO. 31 , London: THE
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY , 2005.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">25.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Peterson, Blake. <i>Spectrum Analysis Basics Application Note
150.</i> Agilent Technologies, 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">26.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Scales, John A, and Sven Tritel MArtin L. Smith. <i>Introductory
Geophysical Inverse Theory.</i> Colorado: The Samizdat Press, Collorado School
Of Mines, 2001.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">27.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">sismanto, Geofisika UGM. "Geofisika bagian dari Geosains
dalam Eksplorasi sumber daya alam." <i>Pertemuan Ilmiah XXV HFI.</i>
Jateng, DIY: ISSN 0853-0823, n.d.
https://repository.ugm.ac.id/91931/1/Paper%202011%20no%202.pdf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">28.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Slatt, Roger M. <i>Stratigraphic ResevoirCharacterization For
Petroleoum Geologis,Geophysicist and Engineer.</i> Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2006.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">29.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">SPE. <i>Guidelines for the Evaluation of Petroleum Reserves
and Resources.</i> America: Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2001.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">30.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Sumantri, R. <i>Plan Of Development.</i> Jakarta: Trisakti
University, 2005.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">31.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Supriyanto. <i>Analisa Data Geofisika: Memahami Tiori
Inversi, Edisi I.</i> Depok: Department Fisika -FMIPA, Universitas Indonesia,
2007.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">32.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Widianto, Eko. "Geofisika Exploration." <i>Lecture
Presentation, FTKE, Trisakti University</i>, 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">33.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Wikipedia. "Wikipedia." <i>Gravity.</i> September
2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity (accessed November 01, 2015).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">34.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Yamamoto, Aikihiko. "Estimating the Optimum Reduction
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">35.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Yusuf, A; M. Romli. <i>Batuan Inti Penyimpan Minyak Dan Gas
Bumi.</i> Jakarta: LEMIGAS, 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-17419974169357788012014-08-16T21:44:00.000+07:002014-08-16T21:44:21.945+07:00SAFETY HANDLING Gas Industri<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">SAFETY
HANDLING</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Storage Tank ( LOX
/ LIN / LAR )<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Penyimpanan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Tanki ditempatkan
ditempat yang cukup ventilasinya atau diudara terbuka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Lantai harus beton,
bukan bahan yang mudah terbakar / menyerap oksigen ( kayu, aspal tau besi )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Tanki harus dipagar sekelilingnya,
jarak dari tanki <u>+</u> 5 meter, tidak
ditumbuhi rumput dan dipasang tanda / gambar <b>“DILARANG MEROKOK” </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Jauhkan dari bahan /
benda yang mudah terbakar dan sumber api<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Hanya petugas dan
orang – orang tertentu yang boleh masuk / keluar ketempat penyimpanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Pada instalasi
tanki / pemipaan harus tidak ada kebocoran pada tekanan operasi maksimum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in left .75in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pemeliharaan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Perbaikan instalasi
tanki / pemipaan dilakukan bila tekanan dan temperature sudah sama dengan
kondisi udara luar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pemeriksaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Safety valve di
test dan dikalibrasi setiap 1 tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pressure Gauge
dikalibrasi setiap 1 tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bursting disc
diganti setiap 2 tahun atau jika rusak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Kemampuan isolasi
diperiksa setiap tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Tanki setiap tahun
harus dibersihkan dengan PCE dan dipurging off dengan Nitrogen dari kemungkinan
adanya minyak, oli atau sejenisnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Kebocoran –
kebocoran pada instalasi dan valve harus diperbaiki sampai tidak terjadi
kebocoran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Semua lubang –
lubang valve pemasukkan / pengeluaran dan lubang – lubang pipa harus selalu
dibersihkan dari kotoran – kotoran yang menempel atau menyumbat. Cuci dengan
PCE untuk membersihkan dari minyak, oli atau sejenisnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Dinding luar
storage tanki setiap tahun harus di cat
sesuai warna aslinya / putih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Semua peralatan
yang akan diperbaiki dan selesai diperbaiki serta peralatan yang dipergunakan
untuk perbaikan harus dicuci dengan PCE ( Perchlor Ethylene ) untuk membersihkn
dari kemungkinan adanya minyak, oli atau sejenisnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jauhkan tanki dari
minyak, sumber pi dan bahan – bahan lainnya yang mudah terbakar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Evaporator harus
dicuci dengan PCE minimal sekali dalam 6 bulan, terhadap kemungkinan adanya
minyak, oli atau sejenisnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dalam penanganan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pekerja harus
memakai kaus tangan dari kulit, jangan terkena cairannya karena bisa
menyebabkan luka bakar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Khusus tanki N 2
dan Ar, bebaskan dari kabutnya / bocorannya karena dapat membuat orang pingsan
/ mati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Storage Tank CO 2.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Penyimpanan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tempat penyimpanan
terlindung dari panas matahari langsung atau tempat yang berventilasi cukup (
ada sirkulasi udara )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Pada instalasi tanki / pemipaan harus tidak
ada kebocoran, untuk itu perlu dilkukan pengecheckan secara teratur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Hanya petugas dan
orang-orang tertentu saja yang boleh masuk / keluar ketempat penyimpanan CO2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Sebelum memasuki
tempat penyimpanan CO2, petugas perlu mengetest konsentrasi CO2 sekitarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Perlu dilengkapi
dengan peralatan pelindung pernafasan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pemeliharaan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Untuk perbaikan
instalasi tanki / pemipaan, tekanan harus dibuang / dinolkan terlebih dulu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pemeriksaan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Safety valve di
test dan dikalibrasi setiap 1 tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pressure Gauge
dikalibrasi setiap 1 tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bursting disc
diganti setiap 2 tahun atau jika rusak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Kemampuan isolasi
diperiksa setiap tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Tanki setiap tahun
harus dibersihkan dengan PCE dan dipurging off dengan Nitrogen dari kemungkinan
adanya minyak, oli atau sejenisnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Kebocoran –
kebocoran pada instalasi dan valve harus diperbaiki sampai tidak terjadi
kebocoran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Semua lubang –
lubang valve pemasukkan / pengeluaran dan lubang – lubang pipa harus selalu
dibersihkan dari kotoran – kotoran yang menempel atau menyumbat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cuci dengan PCE
untuk membersihkan dari minyak, oli atau sejenisnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dinding luar
storage tanki setiap tahun harus di cat
sesuai warna aslinya / putih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tanki tidak boleh
diisi penuh karena berbahaya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Periksa vacuum setiap
tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Alat timbang harus
di test setiap tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dalam penanganan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pekerja harus
memakai kaus tangan dari kulit, jangan terkena cairannya karena bisa
menyebabkan luka bakar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jika terkena cairan
CO2, siram dengan air sebanyak mungkin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">KELENGKAPAN PENGAMANAN STORAGE TANK <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">( OKSIGEN, NITROGEN DAN ARGON )<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Storage tank
gas cair terdiri dari Inner Vessel ( tanki bagian dalam ) dan Outer Vessel (
tanki bagian luar ) yang keduanya merupakan bejna tekan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Ruangan
diantara dua tanki tersebut dipasang instalasi pemipaan tanki, bahan isolasi
dan di vacuum untuk penyempurnaan sistem isolasi yang dimaksudkan untuk
memperkecil losses gas cair yang disimpan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Untuk pengamanan storage tank, dilengkapi
dengan alat pengaman sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Check Valve, Fill.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Untuk mencegah
terjadinya aliran balik pada saat pengisian storage tank.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Economizer
Isolation check valve.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Untuk mencegah terjadinya aliran balik gas pada sistem
economizer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Relief Valve. Line<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Untuk mencegah
terjadinya kelebihan tekanan dari yang diijinkan pada sistem pemakaian tekanan
yang dapat menimbulkan peledakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Relief Valve, Inner
Vessel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Untuk mencegah
terjadinya peledakan karena adanya kelebihan tekanan dari gas dalam sistem
Inner Vessel Storage Tank <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bursting Disc Inner
Vessel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Untuk pengaman kalau relief valve Inner Vessel tidak berfungsi / macet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Relief Device Outer
Valve / Bursting Disc Outer Vessel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Untuk pengamanan
jika ada kebocoran pada instalasi pipa dalam Outer Vessel atau kebocoran pada
Inner Vessel, maka membrane disc akan pecah sehingga tekanan terbuang, yang
berarti isolasi vacuum sudah tidak berfungsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Full Try cock Valve<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pengisian tanki
liquid dinyatakan penuh jika sudah ada cairan yang keluar dari Full Try Cock
Valve.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pagar pengaman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Untuk pengamanan
storage tank terhadap gangguan dari luar, maka disekeliling storage tank harus
dipasang pagar pengaman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">KELENGKAPAN
PENGAMANAN LAINNYA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sarung Tangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Untuk melindungi
diri dari terkena gas cair pada saat handling gas cair harus menggunakan sarung
tangan kulit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Alat untuk perbaikan
dan alat buka / tutup kran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Tidak boleh mengandung minyak, oli atau sejenisnya, cuci lebih dahulu
dengan PCE sebelum dan sesudah perbaikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Memperbaiki alat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Alat – alat yang
mengalami perbaikan, baik sebelum maupun sesudah perbaikan, harus benar – benar
dibersihkan dari adanya minyak. Oli atau sejenisnya dengan menggunakan PCE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pemadam api.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ditempat pengisian
dan tempat penyimpanan botol gas harus disediakan alat pemadam api CO2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pelumas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Untuk pelumasan
bantalan – bantalan dan lain – lain yang berhubungan dengan laangsung dengan
gas Oksigen harus dipakai jenis pelumas yang bukan berasal dari minyak bumi (
dianjurkan merk Crytox ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Oksigen bila
bercampur dengan hydrocarbon ( minyak, oli atau sejenisnya ), sangat mudah
meledak dan terbakar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tutup conection
fill ( lubang – lubang pengisian / laluan ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Harus ditutup untuk
pengamanan adanya kotoran – kotoran masuk yang dapat mengakibatkan lubang
tersumbat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pengisian botol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pada waktu
pengisian botol, harus selalu diingatkan bahwa untuk filling pump kapasitas 1,1
GPM, paling tidak harus dilayani dengan 20 filling <st1:personname w:st="on">point</st1:personname>
/ botol kapasitas 6 M 3. Hal ini untuk menghindari pengisian yang terlalu
cepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pengisian botol
paling cepat <u>+</u> 35 - 40 menit untuk menghindari TIMBULNYA PANAS yang bisa
mengakibatkan peledakan dan kebakaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tekanan akhir
pengisian harus dijaga tidak melebihi tekanan yang telah ditetapkan atau
diijinkan ( 160 atm ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Botol – botol yang
akan diisi tidak boleh terken munyak, oli atau sejenisnya terutama pada bagian
krannya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dilarang mengisi
botol yang habis masa ujinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pengisian botol
sistem transfer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pengisian botol
sistem transfer harus dilakukan pada filling rack dan pengisiannya secara
perlahan – lahan untuk menghindari panas yang berlebih yang dapat mengakibatkan
peledakan dan kebakaran. Didalam proses pengisian, harus selalu diperiksa suhu
botol yng diisi tidak boleh lebih dari 50 <sup>0</sup> C <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">“Safety
Handling Gas Industri”, PT. Aneka Gas Industri, 2011<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-89872871357225222132014-08-16T21:35:00.000+07:002014-08-16T21:35:04.649+07:00<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM33" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 39.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> <b><span style="line-height: 150%;">PENGENALAN APLIKASI GAS
INDUSTRI</span></b></span></div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa
jenis gas yang di produksi di Indonesia : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Oksigen
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Nitrogen
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Argon
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Karbondioksida
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidrogen
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Asetilen
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM34" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui aplikasi masing-masing gas, kita perlu mengenali sifat masing-masing
gas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Oksigen<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM3" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1.
Karakteristik Oksigen </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM3" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat Fisika
: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
berwarna <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
berbau <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
berasa <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM3" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
Kimia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Gas
yang menyokong kehidupan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Gas
yang tidak mudah terbakar akan tetapi
membantu pembakaran <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Oksidator
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM3" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
Biologis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadar
0-7% akan menyebakan sesak napas <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadar
7-12% akan hilang kesadaran <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadar
12-17% akan menyebabkan pusing <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 129.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• Kadar 75-100% akan menimbulkan efek hyperoxia Bahaya <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
bereaksi dengan bahan bakar atau zat yang mudah terbakar akan mudah timbul
kebakaran dan ledakan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
dalam bentuk cair akan terkena kulit dapat menyebabkan rasa terbakar hebat
& kerusakan jaringan tubuh <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
oksigen murni dalam jumlah besar dihirup akan sangat berbahaya <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
botol baja bertekanan tinggi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="width: 119px;" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" valign="top">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-width: 89.15pt; mso-element-left: 88.6pt; mso-element-top: 717.45pt; mso-element-wrap: auto; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Konstanta Fisika <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Chemical
formula O2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Molecular
weight 31.9988 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Density
gas 70oF (21.1oC) & 1 atm 1.326 kg/m3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Specific
volume of gas at 70oF (21.1oC)&1 atm 0.7541 m3/kg <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Boiling
point at 1 atm -182.96oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Freezing
point at 1 atm -218.78oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Critical
temperature -118.57oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Critical
pressure 5043 kPa abs <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Critical
density 436.1 kg/m3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Triple
point at 0.1480 kPa abs -218.79oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Latent
heat of vaporization at boiling point 213 kJ/kg <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Specific
heat gas at 70oF (21.1oC) & 1 atm 0.9191 kJ/ (kg)(oC) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Density
of the liquid at boiling point 1141 kg/m3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Density
of the gas at boiling point 4.483 kg/m3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM34" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.
Aplikasi Oksigen </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">A.
Berdasarkan sifat energi : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Gas Oksigen sangatlah cepat digunakan untuk proses
pembakaran untuk menghasilkan kalori yang lebih & temperatur yang lebih
tinggi daripada yang didapatkan dari udara biasa. Oksigen ini dapat digunakan
untuk nyala oxyacetylene atau oxypropane. Nyala ini digunakan untuk : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Welding,
brazing, surface quenching, forming, descaling, metallization <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Oxycutting,
gouging, scarfing, flame machining <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Steelworks,
foundry, glassworks burner <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Rock
cutting, bekerja dengan proses ROCJET <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Thermal
drilling dengan oxygen lance <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai
comburent dalam propulsion (tenaga penggerak) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dalam industri baja, oksigen dipergunakan
untuk hyperoxygenation dari blast furnace dan gas-gas cupola. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> Aplikasi energi yang lain adalah pada
fuelcell <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> Oksigen enrichment dan Oxy Fuel pada burner
furnace <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM8" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">B.
Berdasarkan sifat oksidasi : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Dalam industri baja, digunakan dalam pure
oxygen converter untuk refining cast iron dan baja. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Dalam
non-ferrous metallurgy, oksigen digunakan untuk refining copper dan untuk
roasting sulfur-bearing ores. Juga
digunakan untuk carbon determination dalam logam. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Dalam
industri kertas, oksigen digunakan untuk bleaching pulp (SAPOXAL process),
oxidation dari black liquor, purifikasi buangan, pemasakan kayu, ozone
bleaching dari mechanical pulp. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Dalam
industri elektronik, oksigen digunakan dalam produksi semi-conductor, untuk
menyimpan oxide dari germanium atau silicon. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Dalam
industri kimia, oksigen khusus digunakan untuk : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Oksidasi
olefin <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Produksi
gas sintetis (H2+O2) yang dipergunakan untuk memproduksi CH3OH dan NH3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">c. Produksi
nitric acid <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">d. Menyiapkan
C2H2 dengan oksidasi yang terkontrol oleh hidrokarbon <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">e. Synthesis
ethylene dan propylene oxide <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">f. Synthesis
acetaldehyde, vinyl acetate, dan formic acid serta methanol <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Dalam
industri-industri yang lain, digunakan untuk penyisihan zat-zat yang tidak
diinginkan dalam udara atmosfir, sebagai contoh untuk menyingkirkan CO dalam
CO2 dalam lingkar reaktor nuklir. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Dalam
industri makanan, oksigen digunakan dalam pengangkutan ikan hidup dan makanan
laut. Dan jika dicampur dengan gas-gas yang lain, gas oksigen menyediakan suatu
produk pernapasan (seperti O2 + CO2 : menghidupkan; O2+N2 untuk penyelaman) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">8. Regenerasi
katalis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">9. Industri
semiconductor untuk thermal oksidasi silicon <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">10. Gas
pembakar pada industri roket <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">11. Flame
spraying pada surface metalizing <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">12. Fire
polishing pada pembuatan produk terbuat dari gelas <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" valign="top">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-width: 89.15pt; mso-element-left: 88.6pt; mso-element-top: 717.45pt; mso-element-wrap: auto; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="width: 110px;" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" valign="top">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-width: 82.7pt; mso-element-left: 443.85pt; mso-element-top: 718.1pt; mso-element-wrap: auto; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="CM8" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">C. Lain-lain <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> Untuk pembuatan ozone sebagai
peng-sterilisasi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> Gas campur pada modified atmosphere di
packaging dan fumigasi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> Diving gas sebagai Divox (pure O2), dan
campuran Nitrox, Heliox, dan Trimix <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> Breathing gas di medis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> Waste water treatment (pengolahan air buangan)
untuk oksigen enrichment <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="width: 119px;" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" valign="top">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-width: 89.15pt; mso-element-left: 88.6pt; mso-element-top: 717.45pt; mso-element-wrap: auto; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="width: 110px;" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" valign="top">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-width: 82.7pt; mso-element-left: 443.85pt; mso-element-top: 718.1pt; mso-element-wrap: auto; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
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</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Nitrogen </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1.
Karakteristik Nitrogen </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat Fisika <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
berwarna <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
berbau <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
berasa <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
beracun <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat Kimia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Inert
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
bentuk cairan tidak berwarna <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
mudah terbakar (non flammable) & tidak membantu pembakaran <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
Biologis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM34" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• Hilang keseimbangan tubuh, pusing, tekanan pada daerah wajah,
kesemutan, lemah bicara, sulit koordinasi gerakan, hilang kesadaran, gangguan
sensor syaraf, gangguan aktivitas mental <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM8" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahaya <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasa
tercekik <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
dalam bentuk cair terkena kulit, akan menyebabkan kerusakan jaringan tubuh <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
botol baja bertekanan tinggi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM8" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Konstanta
Fisika <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Chemical
formula N2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Molecular
weight 28.01 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Density
gas at 70oF (21.1oC) & 1 atm 1.153 kg/m3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Specific
volume gas at 70oF (21.1oC) & 1 atm 0.867 m3/kg <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Boiling
point at 1 atm -195.8 oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Melting
point at 1 atm -209.9oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Critical
temperature -146.9oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Critical
pressure 3399 kPa abs <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Critical
density 314.9 kg/m3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Triple
point at 0.1480 kPa abs -210.0oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Latent
heat of vaporization at boiling point 199.1 kJ/kg <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Specific
heat gas at 70oF (21.1oC) & 1 atm 1.04 kJ/ (kg)(oC) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Weight
of the liquid at boiling point 808.5 kg/m3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="width: 119px;" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" valign="top">
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<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="width: 110px;" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" valign="top">
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<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2. Aplikasi Nitrogen </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM34" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Aplikasi
Nitrogen dibedakan berdasarkan bentuknya yaitu sebagai gas dan cairan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 307.85pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2.1. Gas Nitrogen Dalam inert atmosphere : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Metallurgy
: heat treatment (annealing, stress relief), perlindungn pada graphite
crucibles dan pengecatan pada tembaga dan campurannya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Kimia
dan petrokimia : melindungi katalis dan reaktor <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Industri
gas : melindungi tangki methane <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Industri
makanan, minuman dan farmasi (modified atmosphere packaging dan control
atmosphere storage) : menyimpan buah-buahan dan sayur-sayuran, membungkus
obat-obatan dan bahan makanan, bottling dan penyimpanan minuman seperti bir,
wine, jus, dan lainnya <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Fumigasi
dengan modified atmosfer <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Industri
pertambangan : pemadam api dan shielding gas pada storage <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Industri
elektronik : digunakan dalam campuran dengan Argon untuk mengisi bola lampu <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Industri
semikonduktor: untuk inert atmosfer dan gas carrier pada diffusi, epitaxy dan
chemical vapour deposition (CVD) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Gas
tekan untuk hidraulik <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai
gas untuk leak tes <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM8" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Di industri
Metalurgi, Foundry dan baja <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Degassing
dari molten aluminium bath <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai
gas untuk mengaktivkan shut off switch pada burner dan furnace <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Gas
feeding campuran alloy <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Spray
metal melt <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Shielding
gas pada thermal treatment (annealing, sintering dan hardening) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Carburizing
untuk mengatur jumlah karbon <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM8" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
pembersihan dan inert fluida transfer : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Electrical
engineering : pembersihan shutdown seperti generator <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Industri
elektronika <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Injection
moulding pada pembuatan ban, plastic dan lain-lain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM8" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Di industri
kimia dan petrokimia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan
produk NH3, Calcium cyanamide, dan metla nitrides <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan
plastik foam (N2 sebagai blowing agent) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Shielding
gas pada produksi graphite, phospor, sodium, plastik, karet, dan sintetik <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Kimia,
petrokimia dan gas industri : pembersihan dan pengeringan pipa, katalis
regenerasi, pembersihan tangki methane <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM8" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Lain-lain <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM10" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Diving gas berupa Nitrox dan Trimix 2.2.2. Nitrogen Cair
Digunakan dalam : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="width: 119px;" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" valign="top">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-width: 89.15pt; mso-element-left: 88.6pt; mso-element-top: 717.45pt; mso-element-wrap: auto; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyimpanan
produk makanan yang mudah membusuk : freezing, subfreezing dan lyophilization,
mempertahankan bahan makanan dan bahan setengah matang agar tetap dalam suhu
rendah, transportasi dalam inert atmosphere dengan refrigerator truck. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyimpanan
produk biologi : freezing, subfreezing dan lyophilization, penyimpanan darah
pada suhu rendah, mempertahankan jaringan & air mani yang digunakan untuk
inseminasi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembedahan
otak & mata <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Cryogrinding
untuk bumbu masak <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Penandaan
pada binatang <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Metallurgy
: pemadaman di bawah 0oC, impact test (pengetesan tubrukan), penyambungan
dengan kontraksi bagian yang kecil (shrink fitting) seperti valve seat bersama
dengan barang yang besar seperti rolling mill roll. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Pekerjaan
umum : pembekuan tanah lapang yang tertutup air (waterlogged) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Industri
recuperation: pendinginan awal pada badan mobil, electric motor, gulungan kabel
electric. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemotongan
bagian sisa pada produk berbahan karet (deflashing atau deburring rubber) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengerasan
plastik sebelum crushing atau grinding (penghancuran) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Cryo
condensation untuk solvent recovery pada metalizing, percetakan, pengecatan,
dan farmasi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Industri
nuklir : cold trap, crypump <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian
ilmiah : cold trap, berbagai macam penelitian <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggantian
keramik pada bangunan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="width: 119px;" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" valign="top">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-width: 89.15pt; mso-element-left: 88.6pt; mso-element-top: 717.45pt; mso-element-wrap: auto; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Argon </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM34" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.
Karakteristik Argon </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat Fisika <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
berbau <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
berasa <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
beracun <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat Kimia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM34" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• Sangat inert <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
Biologis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM34" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• Hilang keseimbangan tubuh, pusing, tekanan daerah wajah,
kesemutan, lemah bicara, sulit koordinasi gerakan, hilang kesadaran, gangguan
sensor syaraf, gangguan aktivitas mental <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM8" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahaya <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasa
tercekik <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
dalam bentuk cair terkena kulit, akan menyebabkan kerusakan jaringan tubuh <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
botol baja bertekanan tinggi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM8" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Konstanta
Fisika <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Chemical
formula Ar <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Molecular
weight 39.95 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Density
of the gas at 70oF (21.1oC) & 1 atm 1.650 kg/m3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Specific
volume of gas at 70oF (21.1oC) & 1 atm 0.606 m3/kg <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Boiling
point at 1 atm -185.9oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Freezing
point at 1 atm -189.2oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Critical
temperature -122.3oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Critical
pressure 4905 kPa abs <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Critical
density 535.6 kg/m3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Triple
point at 12.5 kPa abs -199.3oC Latent
heat of vaporization at boiling point 162.3 kJ/kg <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Specific
heat of gas at 70oF (21.1oC) & 1 atm 0.523 kJ/ (kg)(oC) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Weight
of the liquid at boiling point 1394 kg/m3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM34" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.
Aplikasi Argon </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM8" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai gas
inert : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Argon
banyak digunakan untuk pengelasan di dalam atmosphere gas inert TIG, dan
MIG/MAG Welding (murni atau mengandung CO2, O2, H2, He) dipergunakan untuk
pengelasan mild dan stainless steel, aluminium, dan light alloy (campuran
ringan), magnesium, titanium, dll <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
metallurgy untuk heat treatment dalam protective atmosphere, khususnya <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="width: 119px;" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" valign="top">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-width: 89.15pt; mso-element-left: 88.6pt; mso-element-top: 717.45pt; mso-element-wrap: auto; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 35.35pt; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk annealing pada high carbon
steel, dimana decarburization dihindari) Sebagai gas pembawa <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM19" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Untuk silane dalam endapan dan pertumbuhan epitaxic dari
silicon. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 298.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Gas chromatograpy Dalam industri Metalurgi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
keadaan cair, mencegah oksidasi logam lelehan dan campuran <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
keadaan gas, digunakan dalam degassing & desulfuration baja lelehan & <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">iron bath Dalam industri lampu listrik, Argon digunakan untuk : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Bola
lampu pijar <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Phosphorescent
tube, dalam campuran neon, helium, dan mercury vapor <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 143.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Thyratron radio tube, dalam campuran dengan
neon Lain-lain: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM10" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 402.6pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Argon dicampur dengan methane, digunakan untuk flushing Geiger
Muller counter yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi sinar X & γ. Alat ini
digunakan dalam memonitor radiasi nuklir dan untuk menganalisa spectrum dengan
alat fluorencence sinar X.</span></div>
<div class="CM10" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 402.6pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Karbondioksida </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="CM34" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1.
Karakteristik Karbondioksida </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat Fisika <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
berwarna <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedikit
berbau tajam dan pedas <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasa
sedikit menggigit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
beracun <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
reaktif <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat Kimia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
dapat terbakar <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersifat
asam <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
Biologis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadar
rendah: tidak beracun <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadar
8-15% menyebabkan sakit kepala, tak sadar, muntah dan kadar yang lebih tinggi
menyebabkan koma dan mati. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM3" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahaya <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM34" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• Tercekik dan mati lemas (asphisia) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM3" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Konstanta
Fisika <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Chemical
formula CO2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Molecular
weight 44.01 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Density
of the gas at 70oF (21.1oC) & 1 atm 1.833 kg/m3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Specific
gravity of the gas at 70oF (21.1oC) & 1 atm 1.522 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Specific
volume of the gas at 70oF (21.1oC) & 1 atm 0.5457 m3/kg <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Density
of liquid, saturated at 70oF (21.1oC) 762 kg/m3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sublimation
temperature at 1 atm -78.5oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Critical
temperature 31.1oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Critical
pressure 7382 kPa abs <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Critical
density 468 kg/m3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Triple
point at 416 kPa abs -56.6oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Latent
heat of vaporization <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">at
32oF (0oC) 234.5 kJ/kg <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">at
2oF (-16.7oC) 276.8 kJ/kg <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">at
-20oF ( -28.9oC) 301.7 kJ/kg <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Latent
heat of sublimation at -109.3oF (-78.5oC) 161.9 kJ/kg <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Specific
heat of the gas at 77oF (25oC) & 1 atm 0.850 kJ/ (kg)(oC) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Weight
of the liquid at -2oF(-16.7oC) 1014 kg/m3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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</div>
<div>
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<td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" valign="top">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-width: 82.7pt; mso-element-left: 443.85pt; mso-element-top: 718.1pt; mso-element-wrap: auto; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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</div>
<div class="CM34" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 11.7pt; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2. Aplikasi Karbondioksida </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Industri
Makanan dan Minuman <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Karbonisasi
untuk soft drink, lemonade, soda, juice buah, dll <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembekuan
(udang, ikan, & daging) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Control
Atmosfer Storage biji-bijian <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengalengan
ikan, buah & sayuran <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekstraksi
kopi (fluida superkritis) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Modified
Atmosfer Packaging dan Storage <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyimpanan
selama transportasi ice cream, udang, buah-buahan dll <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Fumigasi
dengan modified atmosfer <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Industri
Kimia dan Petrokimia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Pemadam kebakaran <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Produksi cat & pernis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Pembuatan sodium carbonate, alkaline bikarbonate, lead carbonate dll <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Pembuatan pupuk urea <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Pemurnian air, pengolahan air buangan (waste water treatment) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Pembuatan karet busa & plastik busa (blowing agent) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">7 </span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">7. Produk karet, plastik & chemical</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">i. a. mengontrol pH pengeluaran alkaline dari proses <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">ii. b. regenerasi resin pada produksi resin <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">8. 8. Produk textile untuk <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">i. a. menetralisir buangan sebelum dikeluarkan dari pabrik <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">ii. b. menggantikan asam digunakan untuk pembentukkan warna, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">9. Pencelupan dan pemutihan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">10. Pengontrolan pH air pada proses pembuatan kertas dan pulp <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">11. Inert atmosfer pada pembuatan kapsul, pil, dan ampul pada industri
farmasi demikian juga pada packaging. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM3" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Industri dan
Metalurgi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Shrink
fitting <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Welding
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Laser
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Blowing
agent untuk pembuatan plastic foam seperti polystyrene <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM3" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Lain-lain <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Dry
Ice blasting untuk pembersihan heat exchanger, mesin printing <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Membersihkan
tumpahan minyak di pesisir pantai dan batu karang <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Membersihkan
cat pada mobil <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Fire
extinguishing (pemadam kebakaran) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Membersihkan
surface semiconductor <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="width: 136px;" vspace="0">
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<td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" valign="top">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-width: 102.25pt; mso-element-left: 443.85pt; mso-element-top: 717.4pt; mso-element-wrap: auto; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Hidrogen </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="CM34" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">5.1.
Karakteristik Hidrogen </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat Fisika <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
berwarna <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
berbau <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
berasa <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat Kimia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Mudah
terbakar & meledak <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
bersifat korosif <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
Biologis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM34" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• Gas tidak beracun <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahaya <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesak
napas <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
bercampur, mudah terbakar/meledak <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Konstanta
Fisika <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Chemical
formula H2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Molecular
weight 2.016 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Density
of the gas at 70oF (21.1oC) & 1 atm
0.08342 kg/m3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesific
gravity of the gas at 70oF (21.1oC) & 1 atm 0.06960 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Specific
volume of the gas at 70oF (21.1oC) & 1 atm 11.99 m3/kg <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Boiling
point at 1 atm -252.8 oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Melting
point at 1 atm -259.2oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Critical
temperature -239.96oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Critical
pressure 1315 kPa abs <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Critical
density 30.12 kg/m3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Triple
point at 7.205 kPa abs -259.2oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Latent
heat of vaporization at boiling point 446.0 kJ/kg <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Specific
heat of the gas at 70oF (21.1oC) & 1 atm 14.34 kJ/ (kg)(oC) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM34" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">5.2.
Aplikasi Hidrogen </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Industri
Metalurgi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Welding
gas untuk TIG <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Shielding
gas pada pembuatan float glass <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Shielding
gas pada pembuatan stainless steel <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Industri
kimia dan refineri <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Gas
sintesa pada pembuatan NH3, dan Methanol <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidrogenasi
pada refineri minyak bumi dan bahan kimia lainnya seperti aldehid, keton, atau
nitril <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidrogenasi
edibel oil (minyak sawit, minyak kelapa dll) dan pembuatan margarine</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">4</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan
bakar pada combustion engine (motor, mobil, bis) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">5</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan
bakar untuk fuel cell <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">6</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendingin
pada high speed turbin pembangkit listrik <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM3" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Lain-lain <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghilangkan
komponen Nitrogen dari air minum (denitrasi) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghilangkan
Oksigen pada cooling water di pembangkit listrik <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Gas
pengisi pada balon udara <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Shielding
gas pada pembuatan semiconductor <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Diving
gas sebagai Hydra <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<b style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Asetilen</span></b></div>
<div>
<b style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">6.1.
Karakteristik Asetilen </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat fisika <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
berwarna <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbau
seperti bawang <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat kimia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM34" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">• Sangat
mudah terbakar <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
Biologis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Hypercapnia
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesak
napas <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahaya
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadar
> 10% bersifat racun <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadar
20% di udara memabukkan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadar
30% di udara menyebabkan syaraf otak tidak terkontrol <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadar
33% di udara menyebabkan pinsan, 80 % membius penuh, menurunkan tekanan darah,
meransang gangguan pada pernapasan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Sangat
berbahaya apabila terkena panas, api dan bahan oxidator <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM3" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Konstanta
Fisika <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Chemical
formula C2H2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Molecular
weight 26.04 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Vapour
pressure at 70oF (21.1oC) 4378 kPa abs <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Density
of the gas at 32oF (0oC) & 1 atm 1.1716 kg/m3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesific
gravity of the gas at 32oF (0oC) & 1 atm 0.906 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Specific
volume of the gas at 70oF (21.1oC) & 1 atm 0.918 m3/kg <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesific
gravity of the liquid at -112oF (-80oC) 0.613 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Density
of the liquid at 70oF (21.1oC) 384 kg/m3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Boiling
point at 10 psig -75 oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Melting
point at 10 psig -82.2oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Critical
temperature 36.0oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Critical
pressure 6250 kPa abs <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Critical
density 231 kg/m3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Triple
point at 122 kPa abs -82.2oC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Latent
heat of vaporization at boiling point 614 kJ/kg <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Specific
heat of the gas at 60oF (15.5oC) & 1 atm 1.6 kJ/ (kg)(oC) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM34" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">6.2.
Aplikasi Asetilen </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Industri
Metalurgi dan Konstruksi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengelasan
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemotongan
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Heat
treatment</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Industri kimia untuk menghasilkan kimia-kimia organik seperti
: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam
asetat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Anhydrid
asetat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Acetone
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Acetyal
dehide <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Klorida
vinyl/alkohol/asetat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Vinyl
polimer (PVC group) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Karbon
acetylene hitam <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Perpaduan
dari persenyawaan organik <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
Pustaka :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM30" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Business Development Pengenalan Aplikasi Gas Industri Untuk
Energi, PT. Aneka Gas Industri, 2010<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<br />
</div>
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</div>
<div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="width: 136px;" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" valign="top">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-width: 102.25pt; mso-element-left: 443.85pt; mso-element-top: 717.4pt; mso-element-wrap: auto; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
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</div>
Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-11267083444111959552014-08-16T21:05:00.000+07:002014-08-16T21:05:21.849+07:00TUBERKULOSIS (TBC)<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;">TU</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;">BERKULOSIS (TBC)</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oleh : </span></b><span style="font-family: Ravie; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Dr. Endang</span><span style="font-family: Ravie; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span style="font-family: Ravie; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Susilawati</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">I.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Tuberkulosis (TBC / TB) masih merupakan
masalah utama kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menurut laporan WHO (2006),
Indonesia adalah penyumbang
penderita tuberculosis <b>ketiga </b> terbesar di dunia, setelah India dan China dengan jumlah kasus baru sekitar 539.000 dan jumlah
kematian sekitar 101.000 per tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada tahun 1990,
hampir sepertiga penduduk dunia terinfeksi
tuberculosis dan di perkirakan ada 9
juta penderita tuberculosis baru dan
3 juta kematian akibat penyakait
tuberculosis. Sekitar
95% kasus TB dan 98% kematian akibat tuberculosis
di dunia terjadi pada Negara-negara berkembang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Survey Kesehatan Rumah Tangga (SKRT) tahun
1995, menempatkan TB sebagai penyebab kematian ketiga terbesar
setelah penyakit Kardiovaskuler dan penyakit
Saluran pernapasan dan merupakan
nomer <b>satu </b> terbesar dalam kelompok
penyakit infeksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan hasil survey
prevalensi Tuberkulosis pada tahun
2004, setiap tahun di Indonesia terjadi sekitar 245.000 kasus Tuberkulosis baru, dengan jumlah Tuberkulosis
menular (<b>BTA +</b>)
sejumlah 107.000 kasus, sedangkan kematian karena TB
sekitar 46.000 setiap
tahunnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tuberkulosis menyerang sebagian besar kelompok usia produktif, kelompok ekonomi lemah dan
pendidikan rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengingat besar dan luasnya masalah TB, maka
penanggulangan TB harus di lakukan melalui kemitraan dengan berbagai
sector baik Pemerintah, Swasta maupun
Lembaga Masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hal ini sangat
penting untuk mendukung
keberhasilan program dalam melakukan ekspansi maupun kesinambungannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">WHO telah merekomendasikan
<b><i>Strategi DOTS</i></b> sebagai Strategi dalam penanggulangan TB sejak
tahun 1995.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Strategi ini akan
memutus penularan TB dan dengan demikian menurunkan insiden TB di
masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menemukan dan menyembuhkan
penderita merupakan cara terbaik dalam upaya pencegahan
penularan Tuberkulosis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">II.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DIFINISI<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuberkulosis (TB)
atau yang lebih
di kenal dengan <b>TBC </b> adalah
penyakit menular langsung
yang di sebabkan oleh
kuman TB (<b><i>Mycobacterium Tuberculosis</i></b>). Bisa dapat
menyerang siapa saja
atau semua umur. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuman
TB terutama menyerang
Paru – paru, tetapi dapat
juga menyerang organ tubuh
lainnya seperti : tulang,
sendi, usus, kulit, kelenjar getah
bening, selaput otak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuberkulosis bukan
penyakit turunan, bukan
disebabkan oleh kutukan dan bukan
pula karena guna – guna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">III.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">GEJALA TUBERKULOSIS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GEJALA UTAMA
: batuk berdahak terus – menerus selama <b>3 minggu</b> /lebih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GEJALA TAMBAHAN
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demam
dan Meriang lebih
dari 1 bulan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadang – kadang dahak
bercampur darah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri
dada dan Sesak nafas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Napsu
makan dan Berat
badan menurun, badan lemah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keluar
keringat pada malam
hari tanpa kegiatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">IV.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">CARA PENULARAN
TUBERKULOSIS.<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika
seseorang penderita TB berbicara,
meludah, batuk, bersin, maka kuman – kuman TB yang
berada di dalam paru – parunya akan menyebar ke udara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kuman
TB tersebut dapat terhirup oleh orang
lain yang berada di
sekitar penderita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kuman
TB dapat menular
pada orang – orang yang secara
tak sengaja menghirupnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam
waktu satu tahun, satu orang penderita TB dapat
menularkan penyakitnya pada 10
-15 orang di sekitarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNTUK MEMASTIKAN
SESEORANG SAKIT TBC<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ♦
Pemeriksaan dahak dengan menggunakan mikroskop ke Laboratorium di Puskesmas atau Rumah
Sakit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> ♦
Seseorang perlu di periksa dahaknya apabila :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
+ Batuk berdahak selama 3
minggu atau lebih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
+ Batuk dengan
dahak mengandung darah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ♦ Jika dahak
seseorang ternyata mengandung
kuman TBC, berarti
orang tersebut menderita penyakit
TBC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b><u>CARA MENGETAHUI
SESEORANG TERKENA TBC <o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui seseorang dewasa sakit TB, harus di lakukan pemeriksaan dahak. Pemeriksaan dahak di lakukan 3x, yaitu : <b>Sewaktu – Pagi – Sewaktu</b> (SPS)
dalam dua hari berturut – turut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hari Pertama → dahak diambil
pada <b>Sewaktu</b> (S) kunjungan
pertama ke Puskesmas atau Rumah Sakit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hari Kedua
→ dahak diambil
pada saat bangun
tidur pagi (<b>P =
pagi</b>) sebelum makan dan
minum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sewaktu </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(S) mengantar dahak pagi ke Puskesmas atau Rumah Sakit, dahak diambil
lagi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">V.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGOBATAN dan
EFEK SAMPING OBAT TB<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> ~ Setelah
dinyatakan positip TB, penderita diberi obat
yang harus diminum secara teratur sampai tuntas
selama
<b>6 – 8</b> bulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> ~
Penyakit TB dapat menyebabkan kematian jika tidak
di beri obat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> ~
TAHAPAN PENGOBATAN :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tahap Awal,
diberikan obat yang
harus di minum setiap hari selama
2 bulan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tahap Lanjutan, diberikan obat yang
harus di minum
3x seminggu selama 4 bulan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> ~
Selama masa pengobatan diperlukan pemeriksaan
dahak pada :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tahap
awal pengobatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Satu
bulan sebelum masa pengobatan
berakhir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Akhir pengobatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> ~
Obat TB diberikan
secara <b>Gratis</b> dan dapat
di peroleh di PKM /RS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> ~
Efek Samping Obat Anti Tuberkulosis
(<b>OAT</b>) <b>Ringan</b>, misalnya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> +
Hilang napsu makan, mual, sakit perut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> +
Nyeri sendi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> +
Kesemutan sampai rasa terbakar di kaki<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> +
Warna kemerahan pada air seni (urine)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> ~
Efek Samping <b>Berat </b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> ^ Gatal,
Gangguan penglihatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> ^ Gangguan
keseimbangan, Tuli<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> ^ Gelisah, muntah – muntah dan
Syok<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> ^ Kuning
pada Mata dan atau Kulit
tanpa penyebab lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> ^ Bintik – bintik kemerahan pada kulit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ~
Bila di temukan gejala –
gejala diatas, penderita
harus menghentikan pengobatannya dan
segera <b><i>Rujuk<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ~
Bila minum Obat <b><i>tidak</i></b> secara teratur dan tuntas, akan berisiko →<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit tidak
sembuh dan tetap menularkan
ke orang lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit bertambah
parah dan bisa berakibat kematian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">OAT yang tersedia saat ini
tidak dapat membunuh kuman, sehingga penderita tidak
bisa di sembuhkan, harus
menggunakan penanganan yang lebih
mahal waktu pengobatan
lebih lama</span><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">VI.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 250%;"> <u>PENCEGAHAN PENULARAN
TB<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">A.</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minumlah Obat TB
secara lengkap dan
teratur sampai sembuh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">B.</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penderita
TB harus menutup mulutnya pada waktu
bersin dan batuk, karena ribuan
hingga jutaan kuman TB
keluar melalui percikan dahak <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 65.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 13.5pt 22.5pt 27.0pt 40.5pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak membuang
dahak di sembarang tempat
(buang pada tempat khusus
dan tertutup) yang
sudah diberi karbol /
antiseptic atau pasir, kemudian timbunlah
kedalam tanah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menjalankan Perilaku
Hidup Bersih dan Sehat
(PHBS), antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ♠ menjemur peralatan tidur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ♠ membuka
jendela dan pintu setiap
pagi agar udara
dan sinar matahari masuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ♠ ventilasi
yang baik dalam
ruagan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ♠ makan – makanan bergizi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ♠ tidak
merokok dan minum – minuman keras<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ♠ lakukan aktifitas fisik / olah raga secara
teratur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ♠ mencuci
peralatan makan dan minum, tangan,
dengan air bersih mengalir
memakai sabun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">VII.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 250%;"> <u>PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ♪
TB dapat menyerang
siapa saja, terutama menyerang
usia produktif atau
masih aktip bekerja
(15 – 50 tahun) dan anak – anak. TB dapat menyebabkan kematian,
apabila tidak di obati,
50% dari penderita akan
meninggal setelah lima tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ♪
TB Paru dapat di sembuhkan
apabila penderita berobat dengan tekun
dan teratur. Bila penderita berhenti berobat sebelum sembuh, penyakit nya dapat kambuh
kembali dan akan lebih sulit di obati. Oleh karena itu peran penderita sendiri
maupun keluarga dalam mengawasi minum obat sangat penting, karena itu di
perlukan DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short Course) atau Pengawasan Langsung
Menelan Obat Jangka Pendek. <b>DOTS </b>adalah suatu
cara pengobatan TB Paru, dimana setiap penderita TB Paru yang ditemukan harus
diawasi secara langsung agar menelan obat secara teratur
selama enam bulan dan pengobatan
tidak boleh gagal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">VIII.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;"> </span><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 300%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Depkes RI,
Pedoman Nasional Penanggulangan Tuberkulosis, Edisi
2, Cetakan ke – 2,
Jakarta. 2008<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Depkes RI,
Ikatan Dokter Indonesia,
Panduan Tatalaksana Tuberkulosis, sesuai
ISTC dengan Strategi
DOTS untuk Dokter
Praktek Swasta (DPS),
Jakarta. 2010<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fahmi Idris
; Manajemen Public
Private Mix Penanggulangan Tuberkulosis Strategi DOTS Dokter Praktek Swasta,
Pengurus Besar Ikatan Dokter
Indonesia, Cetakan pertama,
Jakarta, 2004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subdit TB
Depkes RI, Laporan
Kegiatan Penanggulangan TB
di Indonesia, Jakarta, 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">WHO, Treatment
of Tuberculosis :
Guideliness for National
Programmes, 3<sup>rd</sup> edition,
Geneva, 2003<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-42744282241373082992014-08-16T21:01:00.000+07:002014-08-16T21:01:16.633+07:00DIABETES MELITUS (DM)<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 24.533334732055664px;"><b>DIABETES MELITUS (DM)</b></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oleh
: </span></b><span style="font-family: Forte; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dr. Endang
Susilawati</span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">I.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <u>PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di Indonesia saat ini
di perkirakan masih sedikitnya sekitar 50% <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dari penyandang Dibetes
Melitus belum terdiagnosis. Diantara mereka yang sudah mengetahui menderita Diabetes, hanya dua per tiganya saja yang datang
berobat. Tetapi sayangnya
diantara yang berobat
tersebut, hanya sepertiganya yang terkendali
dengan baik, atau 11 % dari
semua orang dengan Diabetes Melitus. Keadaan inilah yang sampai saat masih sangat memprihatinkan. Berdasarkan data jumlah penduduk Indonesia oleh Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia (2003) diperkirakan penduduk Indonesia yang berusia diatas 20 tahun adalah sebesar 133 juta jiwa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan prevalensi Diabetes Melitus pada daerah Urban sebesar 4,7 % dan
daerah Rural sebesar
7,2 %, maka di
perkirakan pada tahun 2003 terdapat penyandang Diabetes sejumlah 8,2 juta di daerah Urban dan 5,5
juta di daerah Rural. Selanjutnya berdasarkan pola pertambahan penduduk, di perkirakan pada tahun
2030 nanti akan ada 194 juta penduduk yang berusia diatas 20
tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suatu jumlah yang sangat
besar dan merupakan
beban yang sangat berat untuk dapat di tangani sendiri oleh Dokter
Spesialis / Subspesialis, bahkan oleh semua
tenaga kesehatan yang ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam Strategi pelayanan kesehatan
bagi penyandang Diabetes yang menempatkan pelayanan Kesehatan
Primer sebagai ujung tombak, peran Dokter Umum menjadi sangat penting, dimana kasus Diabetes Melitus
sederhana tanpa penyulit dapat di kelola
dengan tuntas oleh Dokter Umum di
pelayanan Kesehatan Primer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">II.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DIFINISI<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut American Diabetes Association (ADA) 2005,
Diabetes Melitus merupakan suatu kelompok penyakit metabolik dengan
karakteritis Hiperglikemia yang terjadi karena kelainan sekresi insulin, kerja
insulin atau kedua – duanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan
menurut WHO 1980 di katakana bahwa
Diabetes Melitus secara umum dapat di katakan sebagai suatu kumpulan problem
anatomi dan kimiawi yang merupakan akibat dari sejumlah factor dimana di dapat
defisiensi insulin absolute atau relatif
dan gangguan fungsi insulin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">III.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KLASIFIKASI DIABETES MELITUS (DM)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi etiologis Diabetes Melitus berdasarkan Konsensus Pengelolaan Diabetes Melitus Type 2 di Indonesia
tahun 2006, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DM Type 1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Diabetes Melitus tergantung Insulin)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ini di akibatkan Insulin tidak di produksi oleh tubuh karena kerusakan sel-sel pada kelenjar
pancreas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umumnya di sebabkan oleh keturunan, dimana terjadi
pada Anak - anak dan para Remaja,
Kurus (tidak gemuk)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DM Type 2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Diabetes Melitus tidak tergantung
Insulin)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Insulin di bentuk tetapi kurang
mampu bekerja, di sebabkan oleh faktor pola
hidup terutama pola makan
yang tidak sehat
dan kurangnya aktifitas fisik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biasanya terjadi sudah Dewasa atau Berusia
Lanjut dan agak gemuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DM akibat penyakit lain</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, misalnya ; Tumor kelenjar
Pankreas, pengaruh Obat - obatan, pengaruh Hormonal, Infeksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DM type ini jumlah
penderitanya sangat kecil
atau sedikit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DM Gestasional</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, yaitu Diabetes yang timbul
selama Kehamilan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DM ini
sering di derita ibu-ibu yang melahirkan
bayi dengan berat lebih
dari 4 kg.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">IV.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">GEJALA
– GEJALA DM<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cepat lelah
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat Badan turun dratis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sering buang Air kecil (terutama dimalam hari)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air seni di krubuti semut karena manis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merasa haus secara berlebihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merasa cepat lapar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sering kesemutan pada jari tangan dan kaki<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan penglihatan (kabur)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 98.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gatal –gatal,
Bisul<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Luka tak kunjung sembuh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan Ereksi (pria), Keputihan (wanita)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seorang di katakana sebagai penyandang <b>DM </b> bila
pada pemeriksaan Laboratorium
kimia darah, konsentrasi Glukosa Darah dalam keadaan Puasa
(GDP) pagi hari > 126 mg / dl dan atau
2 jam sesudah makan > 200 mg /
dl atau
Glukosa Darah Sewaktu (GDS) > 200 mg / dl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">V.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENYEBAB
dan FAKTOR RISIKO DM<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor genetic / riwayat keluarga dengan
Diabetes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelahiran
dengan Berat badan rendah
(< dari 2,5 kg) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Segala Usia / Usia diatas
40 tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obesitas (kelebihan Berat Badan),
Makan berlebihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurang gerak / Olah-raga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipertensi,
Kolesterol tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan produksi Hormon Insulin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat Kehamilan dengan
kelahiran Berat Badan bayi
> 4 kg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit
hormon yang kerjanya
berlawanan dengan Insulin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">VI.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KOMPLIKASI PENYAKIT
DM <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ~ Pada
Kulit dapat terjadi kelainan, mulai dari
yang paling ringan sampai berat, yang
paling sering adalah <b>rasa gatal</b> pada kulit kelamin pada wanita
karena urine yang banyak mengandung
gula. Pada pria terjadi <b><i>Impotensi.<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">~ Pada Rongga mulut terjadi
mulut kering, gigi mudah lepas,
lidah terasa tebal,
kering,
panas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">~ Timbul
luka yang sulit sembuh, berbau dan bisa
terjadi pembusukan pada kaki (<b><i>Gangren Diabetikum</i></b>) yang dapat
berakibat di Amputasi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">~ Pada Mata
terjadi <b>Kebutaan</b> dan <b>Katarak</b>
dini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">~ Pada Ginjal akan timbul gangguan dari
ringan sampai berat, yaitu dari
gangguan
fungsi ginjal sampai
pada <b><i>Gagal Ginjal<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ~ Penyumbatan pembuluh darah Jantung, mengakibatkan Penyakit Jantung
Koroner (<b>PJK</b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">~ Penyumbatan
pembuluh darah Otak,
mengakibatkan <b><i>Stroke<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">~ Kerusakan
pada Saraf menimbulkan gangguan
berupa penurunan ambang
rasa sakit (<b>kesemutan, baal</b>, dll)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">~ Komplikasi Diabetes
pada saluran cerna yaitu ketidak lancaran jalannya makanan sehingga
penderita merasa makanan
terhenti atau rasa panas
di dada, dapat juga
rasa mual ataupun
Lumpuh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">VII.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGOBATAN PENYAKIT
DM<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diabetes merupakan
<b>penyakit kronis yang
tidak dapat di sembuhkan</b>, dalam arti harus terus menerus
di control dengan baik untuk
mengurangi gejala serta mencegah komplikasi dan kematian, yaitu
caranya <b><i>“ 4 SEHAT 5
TERATUR”<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Edukasi
Diabetes : membantu Diabetesi memahami seluk-beluk Diabetes dan pengendaliannya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perencanaan
makan yang baik atau Diet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(batasi gula,
lemak, konsumsi makanan
kaya serat)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktifitas fisik / latihan jasmani, seperti
jalan kaki selama <b>30’,</b> 3-4 x / minggu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minum
obat dengan teratur
sesuai petunjuk Dokter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Monitor Gula Darah secara teratur agar Gula
darah selalu seimbang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">VIII.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Program <b><u>PENCEGAHAN DIABETES</u></b> menurut ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ( American Diabetes Association</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> )
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurunkan
Berat Badan (5%)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengatur Asupan Lemak <30% kalori, Lemak jenuh <10% kalori dan
Serat >15gr / 1000 k kalori<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Olah raga
(>150 menit / minggu),
misalnya : jalan kaki sekitar
30-45 menit, 3-5 kali seminggu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berhenti Merokok
dan Minuman keras<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SARAN UNTUK
PENDERITA DIABETES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selalu
membawa permen (gula-gula)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan
lupa minum Obat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membawa
gelang pengenal bertuliskan
nama, penyakit, jenis obat yang
di makan dan banyaknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Diabetes
Melitus</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> tidak
pandang bulu, semua lapisan masyarakat, kaya-miskin, dari anak-anak sampai orang tua bisa mengalaminya, dimana Indonesia menempati urutan ke-4
untuk Diabetesi terbanyak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Diabetes
Melitus</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
merupakan penyakit <b>KRONIS</b> yang
tidak dapat di sembuhkan,
namun dapat di kendalikan. Mengendalikan DM tidak cukup dengan
mengelola kadar glukosa darah saja, tetapi harus memperhatikan juga factor risiko yang
lainnya. Salah satu factor risiko yang dapat memicu
terjadinya DM adalah <b><i>Obesitas</i></b>
(Kegemukan) terutama kegemukan yang terkonsentrasi di daerah perut (<b>OBESITAS SENTRAL</b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Penyebab sebenarnya
dari penyakit DM ini <b>belum
jelas</b>, namun ada beberapa factor
yang menjadi penyebabnya seperti : Faktor Genetik,
Infeksi, Toksisitas, Nutrisi, Stress,
Obat dan Hormon, penyakit pada
Pankreas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Divonis Diabetes
bukan berarti hidup
penuh batasan, Anda
hanya perlu 5 langkah
untuk menjalankan <b><i>HIDUP SEHAT<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Diabetes Melitus
dapat menimbulkan penyakit
atau komplikasi yang dapat
berakibat <b>fatal</b>, misalnya :
terjadinya <b>Penyakit Jantung Koroner</b>
(PJK), <b>Gagal Ginjal</b>, <b>Kebutaan</b>, dll<b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Bila Olah raga, Diet dan
penurunan Berat Badan tidak membawa hasil, penderita harus
mengkonsumsi <b>Obat-obatan</b> (oral), jika obat masih kurang mencukupi, di gunakan
<b><i>Insulin<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 300%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">American
Diabetes Association. Medical
management of type 2 Diabetes. ADA
Clinical Series. American
Diabetes Association. 1998<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asdie
AH, Patogenesis dan
Terapi Diabetes Melitus
tipe 2. Medika FK
UGM, Yogyakarta. 2000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perkumpulan
Endokrinologi Indonesia. Petunjuk
Praktis Pengelolaan Diabetes Melitus
Tipe 2, PB PERKENI,
JAKARTA , 2002<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--30--><!--30--><br />
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tjokroprawiro
A. Diabetes Melitus :
Klassifikasi, Diagnosis, dan
Terapi, Edisi ke- 3, Jakarta ;
PT. GRAMEDIA PUSTAKA UTAMA.
2001 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-91693119272876700692011-10-01T19:49:00.000+07:002011-10-01T19:50:34.575+07:00IQ atau EQ atau bahkan kedua - duanya ??<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;line-height: normal; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 24.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:18.0pt">Nilai Ijazah Bukan Penentu Dapat Pekerjaan...Ini yang Disukai Bos dari Calon Karyawannya<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Selasa, 20 September 2011 07:25 WIB<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt; line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">REPUBLIKA.CO.ID, WASINGTON - Jika Anda ingin mendapat pekerjaan idaman, bukan semata indeks prestasi tertinggi yang diperlukan. Ada satu hal yang lebih penting dari itu: sikap Anda.<br /><br />Berdasar survei yang dihajat situs CareerBuilder, 71 persen manajer SDM menyatakan menempatkan kecerdasan emosional dan sikap -- termasuk pada bagaimana ia mengendalikan emosi dan menjalin pertemanan -- ketimbang pada IQ semata. seseorang dengan EQ (kecerdasan emosi) tinggi dianggap lebih mampu mengendalikan diri dan mampu bekerja di bawah tekanan ketimbang mereka yang hanya mengandalkan IQ tinggi<br /><br />"Kompetensi teknik dan kecerdasan penting bagi setiap pekerja, namun kecakapan interpersonal lebih penting lagi," kata Rosemary Haefner, vice president SDM di CareerBuilder. "Dalam kondisi ekonomi sulit, bos ingin orang yang bekerja dengannya bisa membuat keputusan secara efektif dalam situasi penuh tekanan," katanya.<br /><br />In a recovering economy, employers want people who can effectively make decisions in stressful situations and can empathize with the needs of their colleagues and clients to deliver the best results."<br /><br />Ingin mempunyai kecerdasan emosi yang tinggi? Ini bocoran yang dilansir CareerBuilder untuk meng-upgrade-nya.<br /><b><br />Kontrol penuh emosi Anda</b><br /><br />Biasanya, calon bos akan memasukkan materi diskusi kelompok saat rekrutmen pekerja. Dari sini, emosi calon pekerja diukur. Untuk membantu meminimalisasi reaksi negatif, "Penting bagi Anda mengenali pemicu stress ketika tekanan datang," kata Patricia Thompson PhD, konsultan manajemen pada Sperduto & Associates Inc, sebuah firma psikolog papan atas di Atlanta. Sikap tubuh juga harus tetap dijaga. Thompson menyarankan untuk keluar dari kondisi itu dengan: tarik nafas panjang, kemudian hitung sampai 10, dan tenanglah.<br /><br /><b>Lakukan refleksi diri</b><br /><br />"Agar kecerdasan emosi terasah, Anda harus self-aware, dengan memahani betul apa kekurangan dan kelemahan Anda," kata Thompson. Ia menyarankan untuk membuat lima kelebihan dan kekurangan utama Anda, kemudian gunakan dua hal yang berlawanan itu untuk saling melengkapi. Pilih dua atau tiga kelemahan Anda, dan carilah cara untuk mengatasinya.<br /><b><br />Dengarkan</b><br /><br />Berdasar survei CareerBuilder, ketajaman emosi juga diukur dari bagaimana ia mampu mendengar. Thompson memberi jalan keluar untuk meningkatkan kemampuan mendengar. "Gunakan dua tingkat cara: pertama dengarkan untuk memahami konten pembicaraan, jangan menyela atau memberi penilaian terhadap apa yang diomongkan sampai dia selesai biacara. Kedua, dengarkan untuk memahami kondisi emosinya saat dia mencerikatan," katanya. Kemampuan mendengar sangat penting, katanya, untuk membangun hubungan dalam satu tim secara lebih baik dan mengurangi konflik. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Redaktur:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""> Siwi Tri Puji B<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Sumber:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman""> CNN<o:p></o:p></span></p>Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-20529688781774410452011-05-08T09:12:00.000+07:002011-05-08T09:13:46.664+07:00Leadership<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; "><h2><span >Kepemimpinan</span></h2><h1><i><span >The task of the leader is to decide how best to achieve the goals set by the people</span></i></h1><p align="right" style="text-align: right; "><span ><span ><span> </span>George Gallup<sup>74</sup></span></span></p><p><span >Tugas dan pemimpin adalah untuk menentukan yang terbaik untuk mencapai tujuan-tujuan yang di tentukan oleh rakyat.</span></p><p><i><span >When the Master (the best ruler) governs, the people are hardly aware that he exists. Next best is a leader who is loved and praised. Next is who is feared. Worst is a leader who is despised.</span></i></p><p align="right" style="text-align: right; "><span ><span >Lao Tzu, Tao te Ching<sup>6</sup></span></span></p><p><span >Ketika pemimpin yang hebat memerintah, rakyat hampir tidak sadar kalau dia ada. Yang terbaik berikutnya adalah yang dicintai dan dipuji. Berikutnya adalah yang ditakuti. Berikutnya lagi adalah yang dibenci.</span></p><p><i><span >The bad<span> </span>leader is he who the people despise. The good leader is he who the people praise. The great leader is the who the people say : “We did it ourselves.”</span></i></p><p align="right" style="text-align: right; "><span ><span >Lao Tzu<sup>6</sup></span></span></p><p><span >Pemimpin yang buruk adalah dia yang dipandang rendah oleh rakyat. Pemimpin yang baik adalah dia yang dipuji oleh rakyat. Pemimpin yang hebat adalah dia yang kepadanya rakyat berkata : " Kita mengerjakannya sendiri".</span></p><p><i><span ><span >The leaders have the power, but they have no interest in the community. And what the people want is that the leaders work for their<span> </span>communities, the people don't want<span> </span>promises.<span> </span></span></span></i></p><p align="right" style="text-align: right; "><span ><span ><span><i> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> </i></span><span style="font-style: normal; ">Venezuela</span><span style="font-style: normal; "> 1998<sup>51</sup></span><sup><i></i></sup></span></span></p><p><span >Para pemimpin mempunyai kekuasaan, tapi mereka tidak punya perhatian pada masyarakat. Dan yang rakyat inginkan adalah para pemimpin yang bekerja untuk masyarakat, rakyat tidak ingin janji-janji.</span></p><p><span ><span ></span></span> </p><p><span ><span >Pemimpin adalah vital bagi masyarakat dan pembangunan itulah sebabnya demokrasi yang baik, termasuk pemilihan wakil rakyat dan presiden akan menentukan keberhasilan pemerintahan. Ketransparan seleksi pemimpin perusahaan atau lembaga penting untuk keberhasilan perusahaan atau lembaga tersebut. Menurut Naisbitt : “ Pemimpin adalah guru fasilitator dan pelatih. Anda selalu memimpin melalui contoh”.<sup>50</sup></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span ><i>Leadership</i> (kepemimpinan) adalah tindakan, bukan posisi. Ada orang yang jabatannya tinggi tetapi tidak punya kepemimpinan, tetapi seseorang yang tidak punya posisi dianggap<span> </span>pemimpin<span> </span>oleh<span> </span>orang lain. Pemimpin seyogyanya mempunyai pemahaman tentang kemauan publik yang<span> </span>baik dan bukanlah orang yang emosional.</span></span></p><p><span >Dalam agama Islam diajarkan untuk memilih pemimpin yang kamu cintai dan mencintai kamu, ahli ( tahu tugasnya) dan amanah yaitu melaksanakan tugasnya dengan baik. Seseorang akan dilaknat bila menghianati amanah. Tunggullah kehancuran bila sesuatu diserahkan kepada bukan akhlinya.</span></p><p><span >Menurut P4 (Pedoman Penghayatan dan Pengamalan Pancasila) Prinsip utama kepemimpinan orang Jawa adalah :</span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >a)</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Ing ngarso sung tulodo, yang berarti keseluruhan sikap, tingkah laku dan perbuatan seorang pemimpin harus sesuai dengan norma yang berlaku, sehingga orang-orang yang dipimpinnya. menjadikannya. sebagai teladan, panutan dan mengikutinya.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >b)</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Ing madyo mangun karso, yang berarti seorang pemimpin harus mampu memotivasi dan membangkitkan tekad serta semangat orang-orang yang dipimpinnya untuk berswakarsa, berkreasi dan berkehendak berbuat.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >c)</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Tut wuri handayani, yang berarti seorang pemimpin harus mendorong dan mengedepankan orang-orang yang dipimpinnya seraya membekalinya dengan kemampuan nyata (keterampilan) serta memperbaikinya apabila ada kekurangan.</span></span></p><p><span lang="SV"><span ><span >Menurut Peter Senge dalam organisasi pembelajaran, pemimpin adalah perencana pelayan dan guru. Mereka bertanggung jawab untuk membangun organisasi dimana orang-orang secara terus menerus mengembangkan kemampuan untuk memahami kompleksitas, memperjelas visi dan meningkatkan model mental bersama yaitu mereka bertanggung jawab untuk belajar. Tugas utama pemimpin adalah menanamkan proses pembelajaran dimana orang-orang diseluruh organisasi dapat berunding secara produktif mengenai isyu kritis yang dihadapinya dan membangun keunggulan dalam disiplin pembelajaran. Ini adalah pekerjaan baru untuk kebanyakan manajer berpengalaman, kebanyakan mereka naik ke puncak karena keahlian-keahlian mereka dalam mengambil keputusan dan menyelesaikan masalah dan bukan keahlian-keahlian mereka dalam memonitor, melatih dan menolong yang belajar.<sup>85</sup></span></span></span></p><p><span lang="SV"><span ><span >Menurut Max de Pree tugas pertama menjadi pemimpin adalah mendefinisikan realitas. Pemimpin dapat mempengaruhi orang-orang untuk memandang realitas pada empat tingkat yang berbeda : peristiwa, pola kelakuan, struktur sistemik dan cerita yang mendorong cita-cita.<sup> 85</sup></span></span></span></p><p><span lang="SV"><span ><span >Shell menemukan bahwa dengan membantu manajer mempelajari kembali anggapan-anggapan, menemukan kontrakdiksi dalam anggapan-anggapan tersebut dan berpikir melalui strategi-strategi baru berdasarkan anggapan-anggapan baru mereka mendapatkan suatu sumber yang unik untuk keunggulan kompetitif. Intisari dari peranan baru pemimpin adalah peneliti dan perancang. Dia meneliti untuk memahami kekuatan-kekuatan pendorong perubahan internal dan eksternal. Dia merancang proses-proses pembelajaran dengan jalan mana para pemimpin dibawahnya manajer diseluruh organisasi menjadi mengerti kecenderungan dari kekuatan ini.<sup> 86</sup></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span lang="SV"><span ><span >Pemimpin biasanya mempunyai wewenang lebih besar dari yang dipimpin. Menurut Charlottle Roberts <i>authority</i> (wewenang) seperti kata <i>author</i> (penulis) yang berasal dari kata Yunani <i>authentikos</i> yang berarti pelaku, ahli atau pencipta. Orang yang mempunyai wewenang seyogyanya menggunakannya untuk menciptakan suasana yang membuat orang yang dipimpinnya menjadi kreatif dan partisipatif dan bukan sewenang-wenang menggunakannya untuk kepentingan pribadi.<sup> 86</sup></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span ><span lang="SV">Untuk memajukan organisasi dibutuhkan kesadaran dan partisipasi dari para anggotanya, juga dibutuhkan organisasi serta kepemimpinan yang baik. </span>Menurut <i>"Leadership development handbook USC'</i>, ( University of Southern California ) seorang pemimpin kelompok seyogyanya:</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span lang="NO-BOK"><span><span >1.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span></span><span lang="NO-BOK"><span >Yakin terhadap dan mengerti prinsip-prinsip demokrasi.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >2.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Menghormati hak-hak orang lain.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >3.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Bersedia menerima tanggung jawab dan menjalankan peranannya di dalam<span> </span>kelompoknya.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >4.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Mampu bekerja dan menyesuaikan diri dengan orang lain.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >5.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Mampu mengungkapkan pikiran serta perasaannya secara jelas, serta mampu mengungkapkan ide-ide kelompok.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >6.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Menguasai informasi yang menyangkut kelompoknya.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >7.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Penuh kepercayaan diri serta menaruh kepercayaan terhadap anggotanya.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >8.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Optimis dan bersemangat.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >9.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Bersikap terbuka.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >10.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Mempunyai pendirian yang teguh.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >11.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Mempunyai inisiatif untuk menggerakkan kelompoknya melalui perencanaan yang<span> </span>Matang.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >12.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Bersemangat mengabdi kepentingan umum.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >13.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Tidak menonjolkan dirinya dan menghindari kesan berpihak.</span></span></p><p><span ><span >Menurut Gay Hendricks dan Kate Ludeman para pengusaha yang sukses pada abad 21 (yang disebutnya Mistikus Korporat) adalah mereka yang merasa nyaman dengan kehidupan spiritualnya sendiri dan tahu cara memupuk perkembangan spiritual orang lain. Mereka lebih tertarik pada manfaat spritualitas bukan pada kepercayaan akan hal tersebut. Ed Mc Cracken menyatakan "Tujuan hidup saya bukan untuk memiliki kehidupan spiritual yang terpisah dari kehidupan saya seutuhnya ". Mistikus Korporat tersebut atau pemimpin spiritual, yang menurut penulis dapat dijadikan acuan pemimpin yang baik, menurut Gay Hendrik dan Kate Ludeman memiliki sifat-sifat berikut :<sup>32</sup></span></span></p><p><span ><span >Pemimpin sadar bahwa perusahaan atau perkumpulan adalah penjelmaan keseluruhan jiwa orang yang bekerja berasaskan integritas mengejar visinya dengan penuh semangat dan gairah, dan memacu potensi orang-orang yang mereka jumpai. Memegang teguh integritas berujung pada tiga hal : bersikap apa adanya pada diri sendiri, pada orang lain, dan tidak munafik. Mereka yang berintegritas membangkitkan yang terbaik dalam diri sendiri dan diri orang lain.<sup></sup></span></span></p><p><span >Pemimpin bekerja keras untuk menjadikan kehidupan orang disekelilingnya lebih baik, seperti apa yang diceritakan Bob Galvin tentang ayahnya pendiri Motorola. Suatu waktu, Ayah mengamati deretan pekerja wanita dan termenung, "Mereka mirip dengan ibuku yang punya anak, rumah yang harus dirawat dan orang-orang yang membutuhkan mereka". Hal ini memotivasi Ayah untuk bekerja lebih keras agar tercipta kehidupan yang lebih baik bagi mereka karena ayah melihat sosok ibunya dalam diri semua pekerja itu. Begitulah semuanya dimulai dengan rasa hormat yang hakiki. Bob Galvin menambahkan cara menunjukkan rasa hormat adalah dengan berlaku jujur dan memberlakukan orang apa adanya.</span></p><p><span >Pemimpin percaya bahwa kejujuran mampu mengeluarkan sisi terbaik setiap orang. Dia ingin mengetahui kebenaran walaupun terkadang terasa pahit, karena hanya dengan demikian dia bisa memperbaiki keadaan. Menurut nenek Gay Hendrik : " Jika kita selalu mengatakan yang sebenarnya, kita tidak perlu mengingat-ingat apa yang pernah kita katakan".</span></p><p><span >Pemimpin bersikap adil karena percaya bahwa keadilan adalah cara berpadu bersama di dunia ini. Dia percaya bahwa apabila seseorang berlaku tidak adil maka dia telah mengganggu keadaan dunia. Apabila dia berlaku adil maka dia telah berpartisipasi untuk membentuk dunia yang lebih baik. Dia memperlakukan tukang sapu gedung dan orang penting dengan sikap yang sama.</span></p><p><span >Pemimpin selalu berusaha mempelajari diri sendiri dan sekaligus juga berusaha membantu orang lain mempelajari dirinya masing-masing. Sikap selalu bertanya adalah hal yang dianggap suci olehnya. Tujuan belajar menurut J. Krisnamurti adalah untuk membantu mengetahui apa yang sesungguhnya benar-benar ingin kita lakukan.</span></p><p><span >Pemimpin bekerja efisien sehingga dia menguasai jalannya waktu (santai). Dia berkonsentrasi dan berpikir bagaimana membuat pekerjaannya efisien. Diceritakan seseorang pekerja keras ketika disuruh bermeditasi kuatir kalau hal tersebut mengurangi waktunya. Maka pendeta Zen menjelaskan : "Meditasi hanyalah membuat dirimu menjadi santai. Siapa bilang bekerja itu harus dengan keras ?". Pada puncaknya, bekerja adalah bermain. Saat kita sedang benar-benar serius, saat kemampuan kita sudah mencapai puncaknya dan kreativitas mengalir deras, kita tidak merasakan sedang bersusah payah tetapi justru menikmati pekerjaan. Kita menjadi seperti anak kecil bermain, asyik sekali.</span></p><p><span >Pemimpin terbuka, menerima perubahan dan mampu menerima pendapat yang berbeda sehingga orang akan senang bekerja dengannya. Contoh sikap pemimpin yang baik diceritakan Kate Ludeman tentang Wakil Direktur perusahaanya. Bila dia menyajikan gagasannya maka yang ditonjolkan hasil akhirnya saja dan hanya memberikan perincian pendukung bila diminta. Saat gagasannya disanggah, dia tidak melayani perdebatan dengan penyanggahnya. Sebaliknya dia malah mengajukan banyak pertanyaan karena tertarik memahami sudut pandang orang tersebut. Akibatnya terjadi saling pengertian antar mereka.</span></p><p><span >Pemimpin mempunyai cita rasa humor khas supaya timnya bisa bekerja dengan santai. Menurut Kate Ludeman : "Satu-satunya cara terbaik untuk menilai kesehatan sebuah tim atau perusahaan adalah dengan mengetahui seberapa sering mereka bercanda".</span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span >Pemimpin memiliki kelebihan dapat mengajak orang ke dalam angan-angannya. Martin Luther King Jr dengan <i>"I have a dream"</i> nya dapat mengajak umat manusia menuju dunia tanpa perbedaan. Menurut Bob Galvin dari Motorola kepemimpinan adalah mengunjungi tempat yang belum pernah dikunjungi orang lain. Dia dapat berada pada masa depan yang belum ada dan menjabarkan dengan terperinci cara-cara untuk menuju kesana tetapi dalam saat yang sama, dia juga dapat dengan mantap menilai realitas masa kini. Dia dapat merumuskan niat dengan jelas sehingga dapat memotivasi. Niat <i>(intention)</i> berasal dari kata latin yang berarti melenturkan diri menuju. Niat adalah sebuah kekuatan yang mempengaruhi proses mencapai tujuan dan mempengaruhi tujuan itu sendiri. Diceritakan ada dua orang sibuk mengangkuti batu yang satu cemberut dan yang lain bersenandung. Ketika ditanya "Apa yang sedang kamu kerjakan ?' Yang cemberut menjawab "memasang batu" dan yang bersenandung menjawab "membangun gedung".</span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span >Pemimpin tidak ragu-ragu dalam mengambil keputusan dan melaksanakannya. Kata <i>decide</i> berasal dari kata Latin menebas, sama seperti menebas alternatif lain. Jika telah melakukannya, tugas selanjutnya adalah menitikberatkan pada pilihan tersebut sampai tercapai hasil yang diinginkan.</span></p><p><span >Pemimpin sangatlah disiplin. Bukan disiplin otoriter yang didasari rasa takut, tetapi disiplin yang tumbuh dari semangat penuh gairah untuk tujuan yang jelas yang membuatnya, fleksibel dan mudah beradaptasi.</span></p><p><span >Pemimpin sangat menjaga keseimbangan hidupnya dalam empat aspek : keintiman (termasuk pernikahan, keluarga dan sahabat), pekerjaan, spiritualitas dan komunitas (termasuk kehidupan sosial dan politik).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span >Singkatnya ciri pemimpin abad 21 menurut buku The Corporate Mystic adalah :<sup>32</sup></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >1.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Jujur dan ingin mengetahui kebenaran walaupun pahit. Ada pepatah . <i>"Honesty will set you free"</i>.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span lang="SV"><span><span >2.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span >Adil karena berpendapatan bahwa semua orang sama.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span lang="SV"><span><span >3.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span >Mengenal dan selalu berusaha mempelajari diri sendiri dan sekaligus juga berusaha membantu orang lain mempelajari dirinya masing-masing.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span lang="SV"><span><span >4.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span >Berkonsentrasi pada konstribusi serta sangat memperhatikan kesejahteraan dan pemberdayaan orang lain.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span lang="SV"><span><span >5.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span >Hidup berdasarkan spiritualisme universal dimana yang penting adalah tindakan dan pembuktian.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span lang="SV"><span><span >6.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span >Bekerja lebih efisien dengan memusatkan perhatian pada masa kini, tidak terjebak dalam penyesalan akan masa lalu atau kekawatiran akan masa depan.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >7.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Membangkitkan yang terbaik dalam diri sendiri dan diri orang lain.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >8.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Terbuka menerima perubahan.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >9.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Mempunyai cita rasa humor yang khas dan suka bercanda.</span></span></p><p><span ><span><span >10.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Mempunyai visi jauh pada masa depan dan dapat menjabarkan dengan rinci bagaimana mencapainya, tetapi juga dapat dengan mantap menilai realitas masa kini.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >11.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Mempunyai disiplin yang tumbuh dari semangat untuk mencapai tujuan yang jelas yang membuat mereka menjadi fleksibel dan mudah beradaptasi.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span><span >12.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; "> </span></span><span >Menjaga keseimbangan hidup dalam keintiman, pekerjaan, spiritualitas dan komunitas.</span></span></p></span>Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-27015309664198518962010-12-07T19:46:00.001+07:002010-12-07T19:48:34.255+07:00Lingkungan Hidup di medan.....<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Lingkungan Terancam</span></span></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"> Medan, Kompas* - Daya dukung lingkungan di kawasan Pulau-pulau</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Batu, Kabupaten Nias Selatan, Provinsi Sumatera Utara, tak memungkinkan</div><div style="text-align: justify;">untuk pengeksploitasian sumber daya hutan dalam jangka panjang dalam bentuk</div><div style="text-align: justify;">perpanjangan hak pengusahaan hutan. Ancaman kerusakan lingkungan semakin</div><div style="text-align: justify;">besar.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Ancaman itu semakin bertambah parah dengan kemungkinan potensi bencana gempa</div><div style="text-align: justify;">dan tsunami di wilayah kepulauan tersebut.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">”Sekarang harus dilihat bahwa wilayah tersebut (kawasan Pulau-pulau Batu)</div><div style="text-align: justify;">tidak hanya menghadapi kerentanan bencana alam akibat penebangan hutan,</div><div style="text-align: justify;">tetapi juga potensi ancaman bencana lain berupa gelombang tsunami atau</div><div style="text-align: justify;">gempa. Daya dukung lingkungan Pulau-pulau Batu sebenarnya tak memungkinkan</div><div style="text-align: justify;">untuk perpanjangan HPH (hak pengusahaan hutan),” ujar Direktur Eksekutif</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Wahana Lingkungan Hidup (Walhi) Sumut Syahrul Sagala di Medan, Minggu</div><div style="text-align: justify;">(5/12).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Menurut Syahrul, pemerintah juga mesti mendengar tuntutan warga Pulau-pulau</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Batu yang menginginkan pencabutan HPH di kawasan tersebut. Saat ini terdapat</div><div style="text-align: justify;">dua perusahaan, yakni PT Gruti dan PT Teluk Nauli, yang memiliki konsesi HPH</div><div style="text-align: justify;">di Pulau-pulau Batu.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sebelumnya warga Pulau-pulau Batu yang mengatasnamakan Forum Komunikasi</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Warga Pulau-pulau Batu mendesak pemerintah pusat, dalam hal ini Kementerian</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Kehutanan, agar mencabut HPH dua perusahaan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Juru bicara Forum Komunikasi Warga Pulau-pulau Batu, Ahmad Said Hia, malah</div><div style="text-align: justify;">mengatakan, sepanjang tahun 2004-2009 sebenarnya praktis sudah tidak ada</div><div style="text-align: justify;">kegiatan HPH di Pulau-pulau Batu.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Menurut Ahmad, Menteri Kehutanan saat itu, MS Kaban, menghentikan kegiatan</div><div style="text-align: justify;">pemilik HPH di Pulau-pulau Batu tahun 2004. Namun, anehnya, lanjut Ahmad,</div><div style="text-align: justify;">pada tahun 2009 dengan alasan ada sisa tebangan yang belum ditebang, kedua</div><div style="text-align: justify;">perusahaan ini beroperasi kembali.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Selain itu, Ahmad mengungkapkan, masyarakat banyak menemukan pelanggaran</div><div style="text-align: justify;">dalam ketentuan HPH yang disyaratkan Kementerian Kehutanan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pelanggaran tersebut antara lain adanya wilayah tebangan yang berada di</div><div style="text-align: justify;">kemiringan lebih dari 40 derajat dan tegakan pohon berdiameter kurang dari</div><div style="text-align: justify;">50 cm yang tetap ikut ditebang.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">”Padahal, ada 14 ketentuan yang tak boleh dilanggar pemegang HPH, salah</div><div style="text-align: justify;">satunya menebang pada kemiringan lebih dari 40 derajat dan tegakan pohon</div><div style="text-align: justify;">berdiameter kurang dari 50 sentimeter. Kami ragu, pengawasan dilakukan oleh</div><div style="text-align: justify;">instansi terkait mengingat letak Pulau-pulau Batu yang cukup jauh, baik dari</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Nias Selatan maupun dari Medan,” kata Syahrul.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Masyarakat Pulau-pulau Batu, terutama yang tinggal di Pulau Tanah Hibala dan</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pulau Tanah Hamasa, tempat konsesi HPH kedua perusahaan tersebut, saat ini</div><div style="text-align: justify;">khawatir jika kerusakan hutan akibat aktivitas penebangan memicu terjadinya</div><div style="text-align: justify;">banjir.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">”Ada dua sungai besar yang jika daerah tangkapan air di hulunya rusak,</div><div style="text-align: justify;">banjir bisa datang kapan saja,” katanya.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Sumut mengakui, HPH milik kedua perusahaan yang</div><div style="text-align: justify;">beroperasi di Pulau-pulau Batu telah mengalami perpanjangan beberapa kali.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">”Terakhir yang perpanjangan hingga 20 tahun ke depan ini,” ujar Kepala Dinas</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Kehutanan Sumut JB Siringoringo. (BIL)</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>sumber ; http://cetak.kompas.com/read/2010/12/06/02490136/lingkungan.terancamArif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-66315390693760563912010-11-01T19:10:00.000+07:002010-11-01T19:12:07.271+07:00Hutan terrluas di jambie<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Jambi Segera Miliki Hutan Desa Terluas di Indonesia</span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; ">
<br />
<br /> TEMPO Interaktif*, *J*ambi – Provinsi Jambi dalam waktu dekat ini
<br />akan memiliki hutan desa terluas di Indonesia. Warga masyarakat 17 desa di
<br />lima kecamatan, Kabupaten Merangin, Jambi, lewat tiga lembaga swadaya
<br />masyarakat, tengah mengusulkan 49.514 hektare untuk dijadikan hutan desa.
<br />Usulan ini sudah diverifikasi pihak Kementrian Kehutanan, dan tinggal
<br />menunggu izinnya keluar.
<br />
<br />
<br />Hutan tersebut, merupakan kawasan hutan produksi masuk dalam areal penyangga
<br />Taman Nasional Kerinci Sebelat. “Upaya ini kita lakukan untuk memberi
<br />kesempatan kepada masyarakat desa sekitar hutan untuk mengolah sendiri lahan
<br />itu,”, kata Arif Munandar, Direktur Eksekutif Wahana Lingkungan Hidup
<br />Indonesia (Walhi) Jambi, Senin (11/10).
<br />
<br />Lahan ini dulunya sudah pernah diajukan sebagai lahan usaha Hutan Tanaman
<br />Industri (HTI) oleh PT Duta Alam Makmur seluas 118.955 hektare, Tetapi
<br />karena alasan tertentu, maka izinnya sudah dibatalkan Kementerian Kehutanan.
<br />
<br />Pembatalan tersebut, kata Arif, atas perjuangan masyarakat desa setempat
<br />bersama sejumlah LSM - antara lainnya Walhi dan KKI Warsi, karena bila lahan
<br />tersebut dikelola swasta, dikhawatirkan penebangan hutan akan merambah ke
<br />kawasan taman nasional.
<br />
<br />Robert Aritonga, dari KKI Warsi mengatakan, masyarakat sekitar hutan
<br />menjamin tidak akan merambah kawasan taman nasional, karena terbukti sejak
<br />dulu hingga kini masyarakat desa sekitar malah ikut melindungi perusakan
<br />kawasan itu.
<br />
<br />SYAIPUL BAKHORI</span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;">
<br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nusa_lainnya/2010/10/11/brk,20101011-283923,id.html" target="_blank">http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nusa_lainnya/2010/10/11/brk,20101011-283923,id.html</a>
<br />
<br /><<a href="http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nusa_lainnya/2010/10/11/brk,20101011-283923,id.html#" target="_blank">http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nusa_lainnya/2010/10/11/brk,20101011-283923,id.html#</a>><<a href="http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nusa_lainnya/2010/10/11/brk,20101011-283923,id.html#" target="_blank">http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nusa_lainnya/2010/10/11/brk,20101011-283923,id.html#</a>></span></span></div>Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-73779143100875817482010-11-01T19:08:00.001+07:002010-11-01T19:08:59.986+07:00Bencana hutan produksi<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><b>BENCANA EKOLOGIS: Taman Nasional Jadi Hutan Produksi</b></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px; "><br /><div style="text-align: center;">MAKASSAR, KOMPAS - Bencana banjir mengancam Kota Gorontalo,</div><div style="text-align: center;">Provinsi Gorontalo, jika rencana alih fungsi hutan konservasi di Taman</div><div style="text-align: center;">Nasional Bogani Nani Wartabone jadi terwujud. Alih fungsi itu berupa</div><div style="text-align: center;">pelepasan 22.065 hektar dan perubahan fungsi 15.024 hektar hutan taman</div><div style="text-align: center;">nasional tersebut menjadi hutan produksi.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Pemerhati lingkungan yang juga mantan Wakil Gubernur Sulawesi Utara Prof Dr</div><div style="text-align: center;">Hasan Abbas Nusi, Jumat (8/10), mengatakan, alih fungsi hutan konservasi</div><div style="text-align: center;">menjadi hutan produksi bakal mengganggu areal tangkapan hujan di Taman</div><div style="text-align: center;">Nasional Bogani Nani Wartabone (TNBNW). Langkah ini berpotensi memperparah</div><div style="text-align: center;">banjir di Kota Gorontalo yang selalu terjadi setiap kali hujan turun.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Ia juga mencemaskan ancaman limbah pertambangan emas yang akan mencemari dua</div><div style="text-align: center;">sungai besar yang mengalir ke Kota Gorontalo, yaitu Sungai Bolango dan</div><div style="text-align: center;">Sungai Tamalate. Rencana pemanfaatan hutan produksi menjadi kawasan</div><div style="text-align: center;">pertambangan emas tertera dalam peta Blok Kontrak Karya dan Kuasa</div><div style="text-align: center;">Pertambangan Provinsi Gorontalo.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">*Tidak tepat*</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Kebijakan alih fungsi dinilai tidak tepat karena kawasan itu memiliki</div><div style="text-align: center;">kemiringan lereng 40 derajat dan sebagian kawasan berketinggian di atas</div><div style="text-align: center;">2.000 meter di atas permukaan laut.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Dengan curah hujan rata-rata lebih dari 175 milimeter, areal ini termasuk</div><div style="text-align: center;">kawasan hutan lindung sesuai Keputusan Presiden Nomor 32 Tahun 1990 tentang</div><div style="text-align: center;">Pengelolaan Kawasan Lindung. Oleh sebab itu, Hasan mendesak pemerintah</div><div style="text-align: center;">membatalkan rencana pelepasan hutan di Gorontalo.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Perencana tata ruang di sejumlah daerah pemekaran, Danny Pomanto,</div><div style="text-align: center;">mengingatkan, alih fungsi hutan mengancam sejumlah spesies flora dan fauna</div><div style="text-align: center;">endemik yang ada di TNBNW. Dalam taman nasional seluas 287.115 hektar ini</div><div style="text-align: center;">terdapat 24 jenis mamalia, 125 jenis burung, 11 jenis reptilia, serta</div><div style="text-align: center;">sejumlah satwa dan flora khas TNBNW.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Ketua Tim Terpadu Peruntukan dan Fungsi Kawasan Hutan Provinsi Gorontalo</div><div style="text-align: center;">Budi Prihanto berkilah, rekomendasi alih fungsi lahan sebagai upaya untuk</div><div style="text-align: center;">membenahi kawasan yang sudah rusak akibat perilaku penambang emas liar.</div><div style="text-align: center;">(RIZ)</div></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://cetak.kompas.com/read/2010/10/11/03112628/taman.nasional.jadi.hutan.produksi" style="color: rgb(30, 102, 174); line-height: 1.22em; font-family: Verdana; ">http://cetak.kompas.com/read/2010/10/11/03112628/taman.nasional.jadi.hutan.produksi</a><br /></span></span></div>Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-13924926891389713042010-11-01T19:01:00.001+07:002010-11-01T19:07:40.711+07:00Konflik pembiasan lapindo....<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 11px; line-height: 17px; "><p align="justify" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';font-size:130%;color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: 11px; "><table class="contentpaneopen" style="text-align: center;border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; width: 526px; "><tbody><tr><td class="contentheading" width="100%" style="font-weight: bold; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;">Pakar Bantah Ilmuwan Rusia: 90 Persen Yakin Semburan Lapindo Akibat Pemboran</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></b></span></span></p><p align="justify" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Pakar geomekanik dan perminyakan Mark Tingay dari Australian School of Petroleum, Universitas Adelaide, Australia, membantah kajian ilmuwan Rusia, Sergey V Kadurin, yang menyimpulkan lumpur Lapindo disebabkan gempa bumi. Menurut Tingay, kajian Kadurin gagal membuktikan bagaimana gempa Yogyakarta bisa memicu semburan lumpur Lapindo.<br /></span></span></span></b></p><p align="justify" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">“Laporan (Kadurin dkk.) tersebut tidak memiliki data riil apa pun, dan data kecil yang mereka tunjukkan itu cacat,” kata Tingay seperti dikutip The Australian, Senin (11/10/2010)</span></span></span></b></p><p align="justify" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Mark Tingay telah lama mengkaji kasus lumpur Lapindo dan bersama Richard Davies dari Universitas Durham, Inggris, dan sejumlah ilmuwan lain telah mempublikasikan hasil risetnya, “The East Java mud volcano (2006 to present): An earthquake or drilling trigger?)” diterbitkan Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008. Temuan kajian ini menyatakan lumpur Lapindo dipicu oleh aktivitas pemboran</span></span></span></b></p><p align="justify" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Temuan tersebut diperkuat lagi dengan kajian baru yang dirilis pada Februari 2010. Dalam “The Lusi mud volcano controversy: Was it caused by drilling?” yang diterbitkan Marine and Petroleum Geology, Februari 2010, itu Tingay dan Davies menunjukkan bukti-bukti baru yang memperkuat kesimpulan bahwa pemicu lumpur Lapindo tak lain adalah kegiatan pemboran</span></span></span></b></p><p align="justify" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Karena itu, Tingay membantah keras kesimpulan Kadurin yang diumumkan di Jakarta, 1 Oktober lalu, dan mendapat perhatian luas media-media di Indonesia. Bagi Tingay, kajian ilmuwan Rusia itu lemah</span></span></span></b></p><p align="justify" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">“Menurut pendapat saya, berdasarkan kajian-kajian ilmiah yang sudah saya lakukan, gempa tidak bisa memicu semburan lumpur Lapindo. Dan kita 90 persen yakin, bahkan kolega-kolega saya 99 persen yakin, semburan ini terkait dengan kecerobohan pemboran,” ujar Tingay. (ba)</span></span></span></b></p><p align="justify" style="margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; ">Sumber : http://korbanlumpur.info</span></div><b><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 16px; "> </span></div></b><p></p></span>Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-2303973857881400742010-10-20T20:00:00.001+07:002010-10-20T20:00:39.304+07:00<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Suhu Ekstrim di Riau akibat Kerusakan Lingkungan </b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; "> </span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; "><br />Pekanbaru, (Analisa)<br /><br />Suhu ekstrim yang melanda Provinsi Riau akhir-akhir ini disebabkan<br />kerusakan lingkungan hidup, seperti pembabatan hutan gambut dan hutan<br />alam yang memicu pemanasan global.<br /><br />“Kemarin, suhu udara di Kota Pekanbaru mencapai 37 derajat celcius.<br />Yang, anehnya, suhu panas itu hanya berlangsung hingga sore hari.<br />Petang harinya, hujan turun dengan sangat lebatnya,” kata Hariansyah<br />Usman, Direktur Eksekutif Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (Walhi)<br />Riau dalam perbincangan dengan Analisa, Senin (18/10).<br /><br />Pria yang akrab disapa Kaka ini berharap, pemegang kebijakan baik di<br />provinsi maupun di pemerintah pusat serius mencermati perubahan suhu<br />udara yang ekstrim ini. Ia meminta Menteri Kehutanan segera meninjau<br />ulang izin HTI yang telah diberikan kepada perusahaan besar, terutama<br />di kawasan hutan gambut dan hutan alam.<br /><br />“Satu-satunya hutan yang masih sangat baik di Indonesia berada di<br />Riau. Hal itu yang membuat perhatian dunia International kerap<br />mengarah ke Riau. Harusnya pemerintah memberi perhatian khusus<br />berbagai persoalan kehutanan di Riau,”tukasnya.<br /><br />Sementara itu, rilis yang dikeluarkan Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi<br />dan Geofisika (BMKG) Stasiun Meteorologi Pekanbaru menyebutkan, hasil<br />monitoring citra satelit awan, analisa streamline, kondisi fisis serta<br />dinamis atmosfer, pada umumnya cuaca di Riau cerah berawan.<br /><br />Namun suhu ekstrim dengan maksimum mencapai 35,5 derajat celcius bakal<br />terjadi di sejumlah wilayah Riau. Pantauan satelite NOAA 18 tanggal 18<br />Oktober 2010 di Sumatera terdapat 358 titik api, sementara di Riau<br />terdapat 144 titik api.<br /><br />Menyikapi suhu ekstrim yang cukup panas itu, Dinas Kesehatan Kota<br />Pekanbaru mengimbau masyarakat untuk mengurangi aktivitas di luar<br />rumah karena cuaca panas ini rawan terhadap penyakit infeksi saluran<br />pernapasan atas (ISPA), seperti radang tenggorokan, pilek, pusing dan<br />demam.<br /><br />“Di suhu yang mencapai 35 derajat celcius, tubuh akan mengalami<br />dehidrasi atau penguapan yang tinggi. Jika kekurangan air maka tubuh<br />akan lemas,” kata Dahril Darmis, Kepala Dinas Kesehatan Kota<br />Pekanbaru.<br /><br />Selain mengurangi aktivitas di luar rumah, Dahril juga menghimbau<br />warga Pekanbaru tetap menjaga kesehatan dan banyak meminum air putih<br />dan mengonsumsi makanan yang menunjang daya tahan tubuh, seperti<br />buah-buahan dan multivitamin. (dw)<br /><br /><a href="http://analisadaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72684%3Asuhu-ekstrim-di-riau-akibat-kerusakan-lingkungan&catid=3%3Anasional&Itemid=128" target="_blank">http://analisadaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72684%3Asuhu-ekstrim-di-riau-akibat-kerusakan-lingkungan&catid=3%3Anasional&Itemid=128</a><br /></span>Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-60999745763764561132010-10-20T19:59:00.001+07:002010-10-20T19:59:57.196+07:00Kinerja yang jelek<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; ">KINERJA PEMERINTAH</span></div><b><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 24px; ">Merah, Rapor Pengelolaan Lingkungan</span></div></b><br /><br /><br />*19.10.10 Jakarta, Kompas *- Kebijakan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup dan<br />pengelolaan sumber daya alam dinilai gagal memenuhi hak rakyat atas<br />lingkungan yang aman dan sehat. Pengarusutamaan lingkungan telah menjadi<br />visi pemerintahan, tetapi belum mewujud dalam kebijakan pengelolaan sumber<br />daya alam.<br /><br />Hal itu dinyatakan Direktur Eksekutif Indonesian Center for Environmental<br />Law Rino Subagyo.<br /><br />*Seharusnya ada perbaikan*<br /><br />Rino menyatakan, perbaikan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup dan sumber daya<br />manusia seharusnya terjadi karena Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang<br />Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (UU LH) yang diberlakukan 3<br />Oktober 2009 telah memperkuat posisi Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup (KLH) guna<br />menjadi arus utama pembangunan.<br /><br />”UU LH memperkuat kewenangan KLH melakukan penegakan hukum di bidang<br />lingkungan hidup. Namun, KLH tidak menunjukkan upaya menjalankan UU LH<br />secara efektif,” ujar Rino. ”Tak ada upaya KLH untuk berdiri sejajar dengan<br />kementerian lain untuk mengarusutamakan lingkungan dalam kebijakan<br />pemerintah,” ujar Rino dalam keterangan pers bersama tujuh organisasi<br />masyarakat sipil di Jakarta, Senin (18/10).<br /><br />*Tidak ada peraturan*<br /><br />Kegagalan pengarusutamaan tersebut, antara lain, disebabkan tidak adanya<br />peraturan pelaksanaan UU LH.<br /><br />”UU LH mengamanatkan peraturan pemerintah untuk melaksanakan 20 kewenangan<br />KLH harus disahkan pada 3 Oktober 2010. Namun, hingga kini belum ada<br />peraturan pemerintah yang disahkan,” kata Rino.<br /><br />Buruknya pengelolaan lingkungan dan penegakan hukum, menurut dia, juga<br />terlihat dari penanganan kejadian semburan lumpur dari areal konsesi PT<br />Lapindo Brantas.<br /><br />*Warga diabaikan*<br /><br />Koordinator Nasional Jaringan Advokasi Tambang Andrie S Wijaya menyatakan,<br />penanganan lumpur Lapindo oleh pemerintah mengabaikan kewajiban negara<br />menjamin keselamatan warga negara.<br /><br />”Penanganan itu tanpa arah yang jelas. Kami mencatat sedikitnya 669 keluarga<br />dibiarkan hidup di kawasan yang tidak layak huni karena di lokasi hunian<br />warga itu rawan terjadi semburan lumpur, air, dan gas metana,” kata Andrie.<br /><br />Dia mengungkapkan, dalam kebijakan pengelolaan sumber daya alam, pemerintah<br />kian meminggirkan persoalan lingkungan. ”Dalam setahun terakhir, pemerintah<br />menyetujui penggunaan bagian dari Taman Nasional Bogani Nani Wartabone di<br />Gorontalo dan Taman Nasional Wanggameti di Nusa Tenggara Timur untuk<br />aktivitas pertambangan. Keselamatan rakyat kian terancam karena pemerintah<br />lebih memprioritaskan industri skala besar yang rakus lahan dan air,” kata<br />Andrie.<br /><br />Sekretaris Jenderal Koalisi Rakyat untuk Keadilan Perikanan M Riza Damanik<br />menyatakan, kegagalan pemerintahan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono dalam mengelola<br />lingkungan dan sumber daya alam terlihat dari banyaknya produk peraturan<br />perundang-undangan yang semakin memarjinalkan rakyat.<br /><br />”Dalam setahun terakhir ada lima UU yang kami gugat di Mahkamah Konstitusi<br />karena substansinya bertentangan dengan kepentingan dan keselamatan rakyat,”<br />kata Damanik.<br /><br />Dia menyatakan, buruknya kinerja pemerintah dalam pengelolaan lingkungan dan<br />sumber daya alam merupakan kontribusi lima kementerian. ”Jika Presiden ingin<br />membuat perubahan nyata, Presiden harus berani mengganti Menteri Lingkungan<br />Hidup, Menteri Kehutanan, Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, Menteri<br />Kelautan dan Perikanan, serta Menteri Pertanian,” ujar Damanik. (ROW)<br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>sumber :</div><div>http://cetak.kompas.com/read/2010/10/19/05272229/merah.rapor.pengelolaan.lingkungan</div>Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-46170437499613982982010-10-20T19:56:00.000+07:002010-10-20T19:58:42.964+07:00<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px; "><span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1287579389_0" style="color: rgb(54, 99, 136); line-height: 1.22em; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-color: rgb(54, 99, 136); cursor: pointer; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Kerusakan Hutan</span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"> Indonesia Semakin Parah</span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><br /></span></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px; "> <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1287579389_1" style="color: rgb(54, 99, 136); line-height: 1.22em; cursor: pointer; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Palembang</span> (ANTARA News)</span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px; ">Tingkat kerusakan hutan Indonesia semakin parah, kata Zulfahmi, juru bicara<br />pecinta lingkungan Greenpeace pada talkshow di kawasan hijau Kambang Iwak<br />Palembang, Sabtu.<br /><br />Dia mengungkapkan, keseluruhan setiap tahun 1,8 juta hektare (ha) hutan<br />Indonesia terdekradasi akibat <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1287579389_2" style="color: rgb(54, 99, 136); line-height: 1.22em; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-color: rgb(54, 99, 136); cursor: pointer; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; ">penebangan hutan</span> sekala besar.<br /><br />Wilayah Sumatera, berdasarkan pantauan Greenpeace dari udara dalam tiga<br />bulan terakhir, hampir setiap tempat ada kegiatan penebangan hutam dalam<br />skala besar, katanya.<br /><br />Greenpeace tidak tahu pasti apakah penebangan hutan itu legal atau melawan<br />hukum.<br /><br />Ia mencontohkan, kawasan gambut dengan kedalaman tiga meter lebih apabila<br />dikonversi merupakan praktik melawan hukum.<br /><br />Greenpeace menyayangkan, pemerintah tidak menindak satu pun pelanggar<br />penggundulan hutan di Indonesia.<br /><br />Pada 2008-2009 pemerintah malah memberikan izin pengelolaan hutan secara<br />besar-besaran.<br /><br />Sementara itu Direktur Eksekutif Walhi Sumsel Anwar Sadat yang juga<br />narasumser dalam talkshow itu mengungkapkan, praktik pengelolaan hutan<br />tanaman industri (HTI) dan konversi hutan alam menjadi suatu perkebunan,<br />sudah di luar ambang batas.<br /><br />"Sebagai bukti, dari 3,7 juta hektare hutan di Sumsel atau 3,4 persen dari<br />luas hutan di Indonesia, sudah mulai menipis. Hal itu disertai dengan<br />peningkatan <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1287579389_3" style="color: rgb(54, 99, 136); line-height: 1.22em; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-color: rgb(54, 99, 136); cursor: pointer; ">bencana alam</span> yang menimpa di daerah tersebut, baik <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1287579389_4" style="color: rgb(54, 99, 136); line-height: 1.22em; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-color: rgb(54, 99, 136); cursor: pointer; ">tanah longsor</span><br />dan banjir," katanya. (*)<br /><br /><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.antaranews.com/berita/1287228332/kerusakan-hutan-indonesia-semakin-parah" style="color: rgb(30, 102, 174); line-height: 1.22em; font-family: Verdana; "><span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1287579389_5" style="color: rgb(54, 99, 136); line-height: 1.22em; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; font-weight: normal; ">http://www.antaranews.com/berita/1287228332/kerusakan-hutan-indonesia-semakin-parah</span></a><br /></span></div></div></div>Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-50623240426346747112010-10-20T19:54:00.000+07:002010-10-20T19:56:04.987+07:00<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 15px; ">Mengapa Alam Tidak Pernah Bersahabat dengan Kita?</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:6;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 15px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px; ">Oleh : Jonson BS Rajagukguk<br /><br /> analisadaily.com* Murka alam seringkali terjadi sama kita.<br />Peringatan ini memberikan kita sebuah pesan seolah-olah alam ingin<br />memberikan permusuhan abadi.<br /><br />Kapankah bangsa ini sadar arti kelestarian alam dan sadar akan keseimbangan<br />lingkungan hidup sebagai tempat kita hidup? Mengapa eksploitasi alam sering<br />terjadi berlebihan, sementara pada saat yang bersamaan hasil eksploitasi<br />alam yang berlebihan itu belum juga bisa menolong masyarakat dari jerat<br />kemiskinan yang terus menghantui masyarakat kita dewasa ini.<br /><br />Apa yang terjadi di Wasior Papua Barat patut menjadi sebuah permenungan<br />khusus bagi kita. Ini adalah sebuah malapetaka yang sangat besar dengan<br />jumlah korban jiwa yang sangat besar. Lebih dari 150 0rang tewas yang masih<br />terdata, dan bahkan masih banyak yang hilang dan masih dalam pencarian.<br /><br />Setidaknya, apa yang bisa kita maknai dari tragedi yang sangat memilukan<br />ini? Haruskah dengan alasan ekonomi bumi Papua terus dieksploitasi secara<br />berlebihan untuk kepentingan pihak tertentu saja?<br /><br />Isu Nasional<br /><br />Selama ini permasalahan di Propinsi Papua sering menjadi isu nasional.<br />Munculnya gerakan Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM) yang menginginkan bumi<br />Cenderawasih merdeka dan lepas dari NKRI adalah persoalan nasional yang<br />sudah sampai ke dunia internasional.<br /><br />Tuntutan mereka tentu bukan hal asing lagi. Mereka menginginkan pembangunan<br />dapat berjalan di Papua. Mereka juga mengklaim bahwa di bumi Papua yang kaya<br />dengan sumber daya alam (SDA) tetapi masyarakatnya sangat miskin. Kondisi<br />ini tentu menjadi sebuah problematika bagi bangsa Indonesia.<br /><br />Bahkan kita mengetahui dengan jelas di Papua banyak tambang emas dan<br />mineral. Siapapun tahu bahwa PT. Freeport adalah perusahaan raksasa yang<br />melakukan penambangan emas di Timika, tetapi kondisi masyarakat Timika jauh<br />dari hidup sejahtera karena berbagai hal yang secara politis tersangkut<br />dengan kebijakan pemerintah pusar.<br /><br />Kita dapat melihat limbah PT. Freeport sering menjadi persoalan di Timika.<br />Protes pun sering terjadi yang berujung pada konflik antara pengusaha dengan<br />masyarakat lokal. Sudah pasti aparat kemanan lebih mengutamakan pengamanan<br />tambang yang mempunya aset yang sangat besar dan berharga.<br /><br />SDA yang kaya tetapi masyarakat miskin adalah dua variabel yang sangat<br />bertolak belakang. Mengapa bisa terjadi demikian? Selama 32 tahun roda<br />pemerintahan orde baru dilakukan dengan pola sentralistik. Aspirasi<br />masyarakat daerah seringkali diabaikan oleh pemerintahan pusat. Akibatnya<br />paradigma pembangunan berbasis warga tidak jalan sebagaimana mestinya.<br /><br />Pengusaha dan pemerintah daerah dengan dibantu oleh aparat kemanan melakukan<br />dominasi sumber daya alam di suatu daerah. Termasuk Papua. Akibatnya<br />perlawanan-perlawanan politik pun muncul di berbagai daerah. Mereka<br />membentuk sebuah wadah perkumpulan untuk memberikan perlawanan. Akibatnya<br />semua terakumulasi dalam bentuk gerakan perlawanan fisik kepada pemerintah.<br /><br />Selanjutnya pemerintah mengklaim mereka dengan sebutan separatis dan<br />organisasi yang ingin melakukan makar. Kalau dianalisa dengan cermat, kalau<br />memang kue pembangunan jalan dengan adil dan merata serta hidup masyarakat<br />sejahtera, apakah mungkin ada perlawanan kepada pemerintah pusat.<br /><br />Jujur saja, eksistensi OPM, GAM, RMS, dan organisasi lainnya karena mereka<br />menghembuskan isu populis tentang konsep pembangunan yang adil dan merata.<br />Mereka secara psikologis mendukung perlawanan tersebut. Seharusnya<br />pemerintah bisa melihat fenomena ini.<br /><br />Menumpas organisasi seperti Papua Merdeka, dan RMS cara yang paling jitu dan<br />bagus adalah memberikan kue pembangunan yang adil. Kalau masyarakat daerah<br />disejahterakan siapa yang mau capek-capek berperang dan melakukan<br />perlawanan?<br /><br />Poin ini perlu digarisbawahi pemerintah. Mengingat akar persoalan daerah dan<br />pusat selama ini adalah dominasi pusat pada sumber daya alam (SDA) yang ada<br />di daeah. Banyak daerah yang potensi SDA melimpah tetapi tidak bisa<br />dinikmati karena kebijakan yang salah. Di Papua kondisi masyarakatnya sangat<br />memprihatinkan kita semua. Angka kemiskinan sangat tinggi. SDA mulai dari<br />tambang, hutan, emas, minyak dan lain sebagainya sudah saatnya<br />didistribusikan pada masyarakatnya dalam bentuk program pembangunan dengan<br />perbaikan kualitas infrastruktur dan suprastruktur yang memadai, kesehatan,<br />pendidikan.<br /><br />Dengan demikian pemerataan pembangunan berbasis warga Papua dapat tercapai<br />dengan baik.<br /><br />Eksploitasi Alam<br /><br />Kondisi yang terjadi justru terbalik. Banyak pengusaha yang melakukan<br />eksploitasi alam kepada masyarakat Papua. Mulai dari pembalakan liar,<br />penjarahan hutan, eksploitasi batubara yang semuanya tidak bisa diantisipasi<br />oleh pemerintah.<br /><br />Apa yang dilakukan oleh pengusaha dengan mengeksploitasi alam Papua tanpa<br />pernah berpikir tentang konsep lingkungan hidup yang baik, keseimbangan alam<br />yang baik membuat bumi Papua mengalai degradasi lingkungan yang sangat<br />hebat. Akibatnya ketika terjadi bencana alam seperti tragedi Wasior yang<br />menderita adalah masyarakat Wasior juga.<br /><br />Mengapa sampai terjadi demikian? Setidaknya pesan banjir ini memberikan kita<br />peringatan bahwa alam sering kita telantarkan tanpa pernah berpikir<br />memperbaiki lagi. Orientasi ekonomi yang memberikan keuntungan sementara<br />kalah terhadap orientasi alam jangka panjang.<br /><br />Coba kita lihat analisis Institut Hijau Indonesia (IHI) yang memprediksi<br />bencana ekologis di tanah Papua Barat akan terjadi silih berganti, apabila<br />perusahaan pemilik izin pengolahan hutan terus mengeksploitasi hutan. Ketua<br />IHI Chalid Muhammad saat jumpa pers di kantor IHI, Jalan Komplek Bumi Asri<br />Liga Mas, Perdatam, Jakarta Selatan, Jumat (8/10/2010) mengatakan, bencana<br />Wasior masuk dalam kategori bencana ekologis.<br /><br />"Faktor penyebab deforestasi ada kegiatan pertambangan mineral, batubara,<br />minyak dan gas yang berlangsung beberapa tahun terakhir. Ini membuat<br />pergerakan tanah di Papua semakin cepat," katanya.<br /><br />Lebih lanjut dia menjelaskan, Wasior merupakan Ibu Kota Teluk Wondama yang<br />dibangun di dataran rendah. Sebagian wilayahnya rawa dan kebun sagu yang<br />telah dialihfungsikan. "Di bagian hulu Wasior terdapat eksploitasi hutan<br />baik oleh Pemegang Penguasaan Hutan (HPH) maupun kegiatan ilegal loging,"<br />terangnya.<br /><br />IHI mencatat, pemerintah pusat memberikan izin pengolahan lahan bagi 20<br />perusahaan HPH sebesar 3.568.080 hektare di Papua Barat. 16 Perusahaan<br />tambang mineral dan batubara mengantongi izin untuk eksplorasi dan<br />eksploitasi seluas 2.701.283 hektare, sedangkan 13 pertambangan migas<br />mendapat izin konsesi 7.164.417 hektare, perusahaan perkebunan mendapat<br />konsesi seluas 219.021 hektare.<br /><br />Sementara itu pengkampanye air dan pangan Walhi M Islah mengatakan, konflik<br />sosial dan bencana alam di Wasior akibat dari kebijakan terhadap hutan<br />sekira 10 tahun lalu. Yang menjadi korban, masyarakat yang tinggal di Papua.<br /><br />Saatnya pemerintah sebagai pengambil kebijakan bertindak tegas terhadap para<br />perambah hutan dan penambang liar yang tidak mau memperhatikan kelestarian<br />lingkungan hidup. Eksploitasi alam yang berlebihan hanya akan merusak<br />lingkungan hidup dan membuat kita sengsara.<br /><br />Wasior adalah kejadian yang kesekian kalinya. Sudah banyak bencana yang<br />terjadi, tetapi kita belum juga sadar akan pentingnya menjaga kelsetraian<br />alam. Mari bersahabat dengan alam sebagai tempat kita dan anak cucu kita<br />selamanya. ***<br /><br />*Penulis adalah: Dosen Sosiologi Ekonomi dan Sospol STIE IBBI dan STMIK IBBI<br />Medan/ Mahasiswa Pascasarjana S2 MAP UMA Medan*</span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">sumber :</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.analisadaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=71804:mengapa-alam-tidak-pernah-bersahabat-dengan-kita&catid=78:umum&Itemid=139" style="color: rgb(30, 102, 174); line-height: 1.22em; font-family: Verdana; ">http://www.analisadaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=71804:mengapa-alam-tidak-pernah-bersahabat-dengan-kita&catid=78:umum&Itemid=139</a><br /><br /></span></span></div>Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-5318608732424371892010-10-20T19:53:00.000+07:002010-10-20T19:54:21.346+07:00Pulau buntal......<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'bookman old style'; line-height: 19px; "><span style="line-height: 1.22em; font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Nasib Pulau Buntal di Nongsa Kian Memilukan</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"> </span> </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'bookman old style'; line-height: 19px; "> </span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'bookman old style'; line-height: 19px; ">Berita Utama <br />Selasa, 12 Oktober 2010 08:50 <br />Terancam Hilang Akibat Penambangan Pasir Ilegal<br /><br />Warga Kampung Terih, Sambau, Nongsa mengkhawatirkan Pulau Buntal yang lokasinya tak jauh dari pemukiman mereka akan hilang. Pasalnya, banyak penambang pasir ilegal yang terus menyedoti pasir di sana.<br /><br />A.TAHER-EVI R, Batam<br />---<br /><br />Meski tak berpenghuni, pulau yang punya luas sekitar 2,5 hektar tersebut, saat ini nasibnya kian memilikan saja. Penyebabnya tak lain karena penambang pasir ilegal itu melakukannya di Sei Lelai kawasan Pulau Buntal.<br /><br />“Dulu di pulau itu banyak ditumbuhi kelapa dan bakau, sekarang sudah hancur dan tinggal sebesar lapangan bola saja,” ujar Suparman, Ketua Rukun Nelayan Sambau yang biasa mondar-mandir mencari ikan di sekitar Pulau Buntal.<br /><br />Bahkan kata dia, dahulu para nelayan Sambau sering pergi menangkap kepiting dan kerang di sekitar pulau itu. Seiring pesatnya pembangunan kota-kota seperti di Batam dan sekitarnya, para penambang pasir ilegal mencium kalau di pulau itu banyak terkandung pasir yang bagus.<br /><br />Sehingga yang terjadi hampir setiap hari para penambang ilegal yang rata-rata berasal dari Batam dengan mengenakan kapal dompeng, menyedot pasir pulau Buntal. Aksi itu sudah berlangsung sejak lama.<br /><br />“Kita sebetulnya sudah pernah lapor ke kelurahan, kalau di pulau Buntal ada penyedotan pasir. Tapi hingga kini tak pernah digubris,” ujarnya lagi.<br /><br />Ia berharap pemerintah Batam secepatnya menertibkan para penambang ilegal tersebut. Sebab tidak hanya berdampak pada berkurangnya pendapatan para nelayan, kondisi itu sudah merusak lingkungan di sekitar areal tangkapan ikan mereka, sebab air semakin keruh saja.<br /><br />“Cepat atau lambat kita akan menyaksikan hilangnya Pulau Buntal itu. Kepada Pemko kami berharap agar serius menangani penambangan ilegal itu,” tukasnya.<br /><br />Suparman menyebut, aktivitas penambangan pasir ilegal di pulau Buntal telah berlangsung awal 2009 lalu. Cukup tragis dan memilukan, pasalnya hingga detik ini tidak ada tindakan penertiban yang dilakukan aparat penegak hukum di Kota Batam.<br /><br />Bahkan oknum keamanan sendiri juga ikut terlibat dalam aksi perusakan pulau itu dengan menjadi backing para cukong pasir. Kini pulau Buntal yang dahulunya kaya akan habitat laut, seperti kerang, kepiting dan ikan tinggal kenangan.<br /><br />Karena sudah pernah melaporkan ke instansi terkait seperti kelurahan dan tak digubris. Para nelayan kata Suparman juga sempat melaporkan ke Bapedalda Pemko Batam. Tapi lagi-lagi tak pernah digubris. Ia sangat menyayangkan ketakpedulian pemerintah itu.<br /><br />Sebab di tengah gencarnya masyarakat dunia melestarikan hutan mangrove untuk mencegah pemanasan global. Justru yang terjadi di sana malah sebaliknya. Tidak tanggung-tanggung, pulau yang tercatat di peta Republik Indonesia itu-pun kini tinggal menghitung hari saja nasibnya.<br /><br />Pantauan Batam Pos di pulau itu, Senin (11/10) kemarin, kerusakan lingkungan akibat penambangan pasir di Pulau Buntal itu cukup memilukan. Banyak terdapat kubangan raksasa akibat penyedotan pasir di sana. Hutan bakau sebagai penyangga ekosistem di laut pun kini hancur tak tersisa.<br /><br />Bunyi suara mesin dompeng di pulau itu riuh rendah meraung-raung bak orang sedang kelaparan. Tak tanggung-tanggun, pulau itu kini telah terbelah menjadi dua bagian. Awalnya kata Suparman, pulau itu dibelah menggunakan beko. Selanjutnya selang-selang mesin dompeng yang panjangnya mencapai ratusan meter diletakkan di sekeliling pulau.<br /><br />Dari segala sisi itulah para penambang pasir menjarah pasir pulau Buntal. Melalui pipa yang dipasang, penambang ilegal itu mengalirkan hasil sedotannya ke daratan yang ada di pulau Batam. Di sana puluhan truk siap mengangkut pasir hitam tersebut ke tempat penampungan. Dari perkiraan Suparman, jutaan kubik pasir di Pulau Buntal telah disedot.<br /><br />“Sebetulnya itu anak pulau Buntal, pulau Buntal sendiri sudah duluan habis disedot. Tapi orang tetap bilang itu pulau Buntal,” jelasnya.<br /><br />Bapedal: Itu Ilegal<br /><br />Sementara itum Kepala Badan Pengendalian Lingkungan (Bapedal) Kota Batam, Dendy Purnomo mengatakan sebelumnya, pihaknya tidak mengetahui aktifitas penambangan pasir di Pulau Buntal. Namun Dendi memastikan aktivitas penambangan pair di wilayah tersebut ilegal.<br /><br />Menurut Dendy pihaknya telah mengecek lokasi tersebut. Bapedalda sendiri telah mengantongi nama pelaku penambangan pasir ilegal tersebut. “Akan kita panggil,” katanya.<br /><br />Meski tak berpenghuni, pulau yang punya luas sekitar 2,5 hektar tersebut, saat ini semakin menyusut. Warga pun seringkali mengeluh pada kelurahan dan Kecamatan setempat namun tidak digubris.<br /><br />Kepala Badan Pertanahan Daerah (BPD) Kota Batam, Buralimar mengaku akan mengecek ke kawasan tersebut. Pihaknya tidak mengetahui ada aktivitas penambangan pasir ilegal di kawasan tersebut. “Kita akan cek apakah pulau tersebut masuk kedalam 328 pulau yang ada di Batam,” katanya.<br /><br />Terkait laporan warga, Buralimar juga mengaku tidak mengetahuinya. Pasalnya baik pihak kelurahan ataupun kecamatan tidak pernah memberikan tembusan atau memberitahu perihal tersebut. “Kalau kita diberi tahu pasti langsung kita cek,” paparnya.<br /><br />Tidak hanya di Pulau Buntal, aktivitas penambangan pasir ilegal di tempat lain di Batam ternyata masih berjalan. Saat ini, Bapedal Batam menemukan 30 persen aktivitas tersebut masih dilakukan. Tambang pasir yang masih beroperasi tersebut dilakukan sembunyi-sembunyi. ***<br /></span>Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-20870690141901752632010-10-20T19:51:00.000+07:002010-10-20T19:53:49.122+07:00Hutan Desa??????<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:arial;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;">Jambi Segera Miliki Hutan Desa Terluas di Indonesia</span></b></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:arial;font-size:13px;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />TEMPO Interaktif*, *J*ambi – Provinsi Jambi dalam waktu dekat ini
<br />akan memiliki hutan desa terluas di Indonesia. Warga masyarakat 17 desa di
<br />lima kecamatan, Kabupaten Merangin, Jambi, lewat tiga lembaga swadaya
<br />masyarakat, tengah mengusulkan 49.514 hektare untuk dijadikan hutan desa.
<br />Usulan ini sudah diverifikasi pihak Kementrian Kehutanan, dan tinggal
<br />menunggu izinnya keluar.
<br />
<br />
<br />Hutan tersebut, merupakan kawasan hutan produksi masuk dalam areal penyangga
<br />Taman Nasional Kerinci Sebelat. “Upaya ini kita lakukan untuk memberi
<br />kesempatan kepada masyarakat desa sekitar hutan untuk mengolah sendiri lahan
<br />itu,”, kata Arif Munandar, Direktur Eksekutif Wahana Lingkungan Hidup
<br />Indonesia (Walhi) Jambi, Senin (11/10).
<br />
<br />Lahan ini dulunya sudah pernah diajukan sebagai lahan usaha Hutan Tanaman
<br />Industri (HTI) oleh PT Duta Alam Makmur seluas 118.955 hektare, Tetapi
<br />karena alasan tertentu, maka izinnya sudah dibatalkan Kementerian Kehutanan.
<br />
<br />Pembatalan tersebut, kata Arif, atas perjuangan masyarakat desa setempat
<br />bersama sejumlah LSM - antara lainnya Walhi dan KKI Warsi, karena bila lahan
<br />tersebut dikelola swasta, dikhawatirkan penebangan hutan akan merambah ke
<br />kawasan taman nasional.
<br />
<br />Robert Aritonga, dari KKI Warsi mengatakan, masyarakat sekitar hutan
<br />menjamin tidak akan merambah kawasan taman nasional, karena terbukti sejak
<br />dulu hingga kini masyarakat desa sekitar malah ikut melindungi perusakan
<br />kawasan itu.
<br /></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:13px;">
<br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:13px;">Sumber :</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:13px;"><a href="http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nusa_lainnya/2010/10/11/brk,20101011-283923,id.html" target="_blank">http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nusa_lainnya/2010/10/11/brk,20101011-283923,id.html</a>
<br />
<br /><<a href="http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nusa_lainnya/2010/10/11/brk,20101011-283923,id.html#" target="_blank">http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nusa_lainnya/2010/10/11/brk,20101011-283923,id.html#</a>><<a href="http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nusa_lainnya/2010/10/11/brk,20101011-283923,id.html#" target="_blank">http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nusa_lainnya/2010/10/11/brk,20101011-283923,id.html#</a>></span></span></div>Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-56382388592545977662010-10-20T19:49:00.000+07:002010-10-20T19:50:48.534+07:00Bencana Ekologis<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">BENCANA EKOLOGIS: Taman Nasional Jadi </span></b><span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1287578886_0" style="line-height: 1.22em; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-color: rgb(54, 99, 136); cursor: pointer; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Hutan</span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"> Produksi</span></b></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:85%;color:#366388;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 12px;"><br /></span></span><br />MAKASSAR, KOMPAS - Bencana banjir mengancam Kota Gorontalo,<br />Provinsi Gorontalo, jika rencana alih fungsi hutan konservasi di Taman<br />Nasional Bogani Nani Wartabone jadi terwujud. Alih fungsi itu berupa<br />pelepasan 22.065 hektar dan perubahan fungsi 15.024 hektar hutan taman<br />nasional tersebut menjadi hutan produksi.<br /><br />Pemerhati lingkungan yang juga mantan Wakil Gubernur Sulawesi Utara Prof Dr<br />Hasan Abbas Nusi, Jumat (8/10), mengatakan, alih fungsi hutan konservasi<br />menjadi hutan produksi bakal mengganggu areal tangkapan hujan di Taman<br />Nasional Bogani Nani Wartabone (TNBNW). Langkah ini berpotensi memperparah<br />banjir di Kota Gorontalo yang selalu terjadi setiap kali hujan turun.<br /><br />Ia juga mencemaskan ancaman limbah pertambangan emas yang akan mencemari <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1287578886_3" style="color: rgb(54, 99, 136); line-height: 1.22em; ">dua<br />sungai besar</span> yang mengalir ke Kota Gorontalo, yaitu Sungai Bolango dan<br />Sungai Tamalate. Rencana pemanfaatan hutan produksi menjadi kawasan<br />pertambangan emas tertera dalam peta Blok Kontrak Karya dan Kuasa<br />Pertambangan Provinsi Gorontalo.<br /><br />*Tidak tepat*<br /><br />Kebijakan alih fungsi dinilai tidak tepat karena kawasan itu memiliki<br />kemiringan lereng 40 derajat dan sebagian kawasan berketinggian di atas<br />2.000 meter di atas permukaan laut.<br /><br />Dengan curah hujan rata-rata lebih dari 175 milimeter, areal ini termasuk<br />kawasan hutan lindung sesuai Keputusan Presiden Nomor 32 Tahun 1990 tentang<br />Pengelolaan Kawasan Lindung. Oleh sebab itu, Hasan mendesak pemerintah<br />membatalkan rencana pelepasan hutan di Gorontalo.<br /><br />Perencana tata ruang di sejumlah daerah pemekaran, Danny Pomanto,<br />mengingatkan, alih fungsi hutan mengancam sejumlah spesies <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1287578886_4" style="color: rgb(54, 99, 136); line-height: 1.22em; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-color: rgb(54, 99, 136); cursor: pointer; ">flora dan fauna</span><br />endemik yang ada di TNBNW. Dalam taman nasional seluas 287.115 hektar ini<br />terdapat 24 jenis mamalia, 125 jenis burung, 11 jenis reptilia, serta<br />sejumlah satwa dan flora khas TNBNW.<br /><br />Ketua Tim Terpadu Peruntukan dan Fungsi Kawasan Hutan Provinsi Gorontalo<br />Budi Prihanto berkilah, rekomendasi alih fungsi lahan sebagai upaya untuk<br />membenahi kawasan yang sudah rusak akibat perilaku penambang emas liar.<br />(RIZ)<br /></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Sumber :</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://cetak.kompas.com/read/2010/10/11/03112628/taman.nasional.jadi.hutan.produksi" style="color: rgb(30, 102, 174); line-height: 1.22em; font-family: Verdana; "><span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1287578886_1" style="color: rgb(54, 99, 136); line-height: 1.22em; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; font-weight: normal; ">http://cetak.kompas.com/read/2010/10/11/03112628/taman.nasional.jadi.hutan.produksi</span></a></span></span></div>Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-26423161857051606132010-10-20T19:48:00.001+07:002010-10-20T19:48:59.940+07:00Proyek Minapolitan<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Realisasi Proyek Minapolitan Lamban </span></b></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px; "><br />Koran Jakarta, Senin, 11 Oktober 2010<br /><br />Realisasi proyek pengembangan kawasan minapolitan tahun 2010 mulai dipertanyakan berbagai kalangan. Delum siapnya dana dan infrastruktur dikhawatirkan menjadikan proyek percontohan ini mangkrak. <br /><br />“Pemerintah belum siap, buktinya dana dari DIPA saja belum cair, seharusnya mereka konsentrasi sediakan benih dan menghilangkan penyakit. <br /><br />Jangan seperti sekarang mereka kesana- kemari tetapi proyek nggak jalan,” kata Penasihat Masyarakat Perikanan Nusantara (MPN) Shidiq Muslim kepada Koran Jakarta, Minggu (10/10).<br /><br />Shidiq menyebut Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (KKP), be lum displin menjalankan proyek, akibatnya petani dan petambak belum menikmati janji pemerintah. <br /><br />Jika kondisi ini berlarut, maka pelaku usaha dan pembudidaya akan enggan berkontribusi. Ia menyebut selain minapolitan yang belum jalan, persoalan besar yang belum mampu ditangani pemerintah yakni persoalan serangan penyakit.<br /><br />“Penyakit mengakibatkan produksi udang merosot, tetapi tidak ada langkah darurat untuk menyelesaikanya. Ini multiplayer efeknya besar, sampai petambak berpikir, untuk apa tanam udang kalau berisiko?” ungkap Shidiq. <br /><br />Sementara DPR meminta KKP segera membereskan persoalan yang masih menghambat realisasi proyek minapolitan. <br /><br />“Hingga saat ini konsep minapolitan yang jelas belum terlihat, padahal minapolitan ini mensyaratkan pembangunan terintegrasi yang membutuhkan dukungan lintas kementerian,” kata Ketua Komisi IV DPR Ahmad Muqoam.<br /><br />Jika KKP dan Menteri Fadel Muhammad tidak serius menuntaskanya, kata Muqoam, maka dikhawatirkan proyek minapolitan akan mangkrak seperti program pemerintah lain. <br /><br />Dihubungi terpisah, Kepala Riset Pusat Kajian Pembangunan Kelautan dan Peradaban Maritim Indonesia, Suhana, menyebut perikanan budi daya melalui proyek minapolitan belum bisa diandalkan untuk mencapai target produksi perikanan nasional sebesar 353 persen. <br /><br />“Minimnya infrastruktur perikanan dan ketersediaan pakan menyebabkan biaya produksi perikanan budi daya menjadi mahal. <br /><br />Itu belum termasuk ancaman penyakit,” kata Suhana. Berdasarkan data FAO, kata Suhana, sentra perikanan di Lampung, Aceh, Jawa Timur, Jawa Barat, dan Sulawesi Selatan masih diselimuti ancaman penyakit ikan. <br /><br />Kondisi itu terbukti dengan anjloknya produksi udang dari 230 ribu ton menjadi 180 ribu ton. Anjloknya produksi udang, diakui Dirjen Budi Daya Perikanan KKP Made L Nurdjana, Ia menyebut penyakit dan pola budi daya yang salah berdampak pada penurunan produksi udang. <br /><br />Made menyebut sejak tahun 2008, produksi udang nasional cenderung menurun dari 410 ribu ton menjadi 350 ribu ton tahun 2009, dan diprediksi kembali turun sekitar 12 persen dari target produksi yang dipatok di level 350 ribu ton. <br />aan/E-8<br /></span>Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3754964409838661163.post-1913674257922056532010-10-20T19:46:00.000+07:002010-10-20T19:47:59.009+07:00Penyusutan hutan di jambi<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Hutan di Jambi Tinggal Tersisa 21 Persen</b></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px; "><br /><br /><br />TEMPO Interaktif, Jambi - Kawasan hutan di Provinsi Jambi yang<br /><br />dulunya seluas 2,2 juta hektare, saat ini akibat kesalahan kebijakan tinggal<br /><br />menyisahkan sekitar 480 ribu hektare atau sekitar 21,8 persen.<br /><br />"Sekarang kawasan hutan di daerah ini didominasi sektor hutan tanaman<br /><br />industri, perkebunan sawit, sehingga tidak hanya dapat menimbulkan kerusakan<br /><br />bagi kawasan serapan air, tapi lebih jauh lagi kini berkembang pada<br /><br />terjadinya konflik antara perusahaan dengan warga sekitar," kata Arif<br /><br />Munandar, Direktur Eksekutif Walhi Jambi, kepada Tempo, Jumat (8/10).<br /><br />Arif menontohkan, dalam kurun beberapa bulan terakhir sudah beberapa kali<br /><br />terjadinya konflik antarwarga dengan perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang<br /><br />hutan tanaman industri. Seperti pada awal September lalu terjadi di kawasan<br /><br />Senyerang, Kabupaten Tanhjungjabung Barat dan kawasan Kabupaten Tebo.<br /><br />"Ini sangat memprihatinkan, tapi itulah akibat kebijakan yang kurang tepat,<br /><br />tanpa memikirkan dampak lingkungan sekitarnya. Yang terjadi karut marut tata<br /><br />ruang serta berakibat pula tumpang tindih perizinan," ujarnya.<br /><br />Walhi menilai, bencana ekologis dan kelangkaan akan air tinggal menunggu<br /><br />waktu. Padahal, diketahui sekitar 80 persen masyarakat Jambi tergantung pada<br /><br />daerah aliran sungai Batang Hari, sementara kawasan hulunya terancam<br /><br />perusakan.<br /><br />"Kita sudah tahu massifnya industri, hanya untuk mengeruk sumber daya<br /><br />manusia, tapi mengabaikan dampak ekosistem dan lingkungan sekitarnya.<br /><br />Lagi-lagi akibat hanya berpihaknya pemerintah dengan perusahaan saja," kata<br /><br />Arif.<br /><br />Ia kembali memberi contoh, seperti di kawasan Kabupaten Tebo dan Batanghari<br /><br />serta Tanjungjabung Barat, pemerintah daerah setempat sedang jor-joran<br /><br />memberi izin kepada perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang hutan tanaman<br /><br />industri.<br /><br />Total izin yang telah dikeluarkan pemerintah daerah untuk sektor kebun sawit<br /><br />mencapai 1,4 juta hektare, hutan tanaman industri seluas 800 ribu hektare<br /><br />dan pertambangan 680 ribu hektare.<br /><br />Sekarang Walhi bersama LSM lainnya mendorong pengelolaan hutan berbasiskan<br /><br />masyarakat di kawasan hulu Sungai Batanghari, tepatnya di kawasan Kabupaten<br /><br />Merangin seluas 49.514 hektare. "Untuk dijadikan hutan desa yang langsung<br /><br />menyentuh kebutuhan masyarakat."<br /><br />Budi Daya, Kepala Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Jambi, menanggapi masalah ini<br /><br />menyatakan, tidak benar jika pihaknya dikatakan salah dalam mengambil<br /><br />kebijakan dalam kegiatan membangun hutan di daerahnya, karena sudah dilihat<br /><br />sesuai peruntukan.<br /><br />"Semua pemberian izin itu sendiri pada dasarnya merupakan hak dari<br /><br />Kementerian Kehutanan. Izin pun diberikan sudah melalui kajian matang sesuai<br /><br />dengan peruntukannya," kata dia.<br /><br />Sebagai contoh, kawasan hutan produksi dapat dibangun hutan kawasan industri<br /><br />dan tidak mungkin menggunakan kawasan peruntukan persawahan atau kawasan<br /><br />perumahan.</span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Sumber :</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nusa_lainnya/2010/10/08/brk,20101008-283434,id.html" style="color: rgb(30, 102, 174); line-height: 1.22em; font-family: Verdana; ">http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nusa_lainnya/2010/10/08/brk,20101008-283434,id.html</a></span></span></div>Arif Eka Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12257668158026024379noreply@blogger.com0